FYI: United Nations -- The right to privacy in the digital age

https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2013/gashc4094.doc.htm

The Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) approved 18 draft
resolutions today, including one on "The right to privacy in the digital
age".


"Through this resolution, the General Assembly establishes, for the first
time, that human rights should prevail irrespective of the medium and
therefore need to be protected both offline and online," Brazil's
representative said, echoing the statement delivered by his President
during the opening of the sixty-eighth session.


The draft, approved without a vote, would have the General Assembly call
upon Member States to review their procedures, practices and legislation on
the surveillance of communications, their interception and collection of
personal data, including mass surveillance, with a view to upholding the
right to privacy by ensuring the full and effective implementation of all
relevant obligations under international human rights law.


Following the approval, some delegates stressed the need for agreed
international human rights mechanisms in relation to ensuring privacy and
freedom of expression.  Some expressed regret over the lack of a specific
reference to such mechanisms in the draft, while others applauded the
consensus as a clear international reaction to the national and
extraterritorial electronic surveillance activities conducted by the United
States.


The Committee then approved, by a recorded vote of 148 in favour to 4
against ( Canada, Israel, United Kingdom, United States), with 27
abstentions, a draft resolution titled "The right to development".  By its
terms, the General Assembly would express deep concern about the negative
impact on the realization of the right to development caused by the further
aggravation of the economic and social situation, in particular that of
developing countries, as a result of the ongoing international energy, food
and financial crises, among other factors.  The Assembly would urge
developed countries that had not yet done so to make concrete efforts to
devote 0.7 per cent of gross national product to official development
assistance (ODA) to developing countries.


Speaking in explanation of position, the representatives of the United
States and Canada expressed their respective concerns over attempts to
create a legally binding instrument.  Canada's speaker said the right to
development could be better implemented by sharing best practices and
strengthening existing initiatives.  The representative of the United
Kingdom said it was the responsibility of States to create the necessary
enabling economic conditions, while the provisions of the draft could also
curtail political and civil rights.


The Committee then approved, without a vote, a draft resolution titled
"Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering
terrorism".  By that text, the General Assembly would take note of the
report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human
rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, which referred
to the use of remotely piloted aircraft.  The Assembly would also note the
urgent and imperative need to seek agreement among Member States on legal
questions pertaining to the use of remotely piloted aircraft.


 Pakistan's representative said their use against innocent civilians was a
clear violation of international law and stressed that drone strikes were
counterproductive in the fight against terrorism.  He called for an end to
illegal drone strikes against his country's territories.


Taking up another draft resolution, the Committee approved, without a vote,
a text titled "Safety of journalists and the issue of impunity".  By its
terms, the General Assembly would condemn unequivocally all attacks and
violence against journalists and media workers, such as torture,
extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances and arbitrary detention, as
well as intimidation and harassment in both conflict and non-conflict
situations.  It would also decide to proclaim 2 November as the
International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists.


Recorded votes were requested for a number of draft resolutions.  The
Committee approved a text titled "Use of mercenaries as a means of
violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to
self-determination" by 119 votes in favour to 53 against, with 9
abstentions ( Colombia, Fiji, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico,
Switzerland, Tonga).


Also approved, by a recorded vote of 112 in favour to 52 against, with no
abstentions, was a text on "Globalization and its impact on the full
enjoyment of all human rights".


In another recorded vote -- 170 in favour to 1 against (Syria), with 5
abstentions (Angola, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Namibia, Togo,
Zimbabwe) -- the Committee approved a draft resolution on the "United
Nations Human Rights Training and Documentation Centre for South-West Asia
and the Arab Region".


By a recorded vote of 120 in favour to 54 against, with 5 abstentions (
Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Samoa), it also approved a draft
resolution titled "Promotion of a democratic and equitable international
order".


Acting without a vote, the Committee approved several drafts relating to:
implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development
and of the twenty-fourth special session of the General Assembly; violence
against women migrant workers; the girl child; rights of indigenous
peoples; the right to food; the protection of human rights and fundamental
freedoms while countering terrorism; the protection of migrants;
strengthening United Nations action in the field of human rights through
the promotion of international cooperation and the importance of
non-selectivity, impartiality and objectivity; strengthening the United
Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, in particular its
technical cooperation capacity; preventing and combating corrupt practices
and the transfer of proceeds of corruption, facilitating asset recovery and
returning such assets to legitimate owners, in particular to countries of
origin, in accordance with the United Nations Convention against
Corruption; and international cooperation against the world drug problem.


Speaking today were representatives of Lithuania (on behalf of the European
Union), Israel, France, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Indonesia,
Sweden, Singapore, Australia, Qatar, Bolivia, Cuba, Argentina, Iran,
Mauritania, Egypt, Sudan, Peru, Brazil, Eritrea, Azerbaijan, Jamaica,
Djibouti, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Venezuela, Malaysia, Syria, Bahrain,
Paraguay, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and El Salvador.


Also taking the floor was an Observer for the Holy See.


The Committee will reconvene on Wednesday, 27 November, to conclude its
work for the sixty-eighth session.


Background


The Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) met this morning to
take action on outstanding draft resolutions.


Action on Draft Resolutions


Taking up 18 draft resolutions, the Committee first approved, without a
vote, as orally corrected, a text on "Implementation of the outcome of the
World Summit for Social Development and of the twenty-fourth special
session of the General Assembly" (document A/C.3/68/L.15/Rev.1).


The representative of the United States said the draft posed a dilemma for
her delegation because it was frozen in time and unclear.  Attention to
such external economic factors as official development assistance could
underplay the importance of country-level commitments, she said, adding
that economic and financial issues should be dealt with in the Second
Committee.  References to global and other crises must be more up to date.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
said the Second Committee was the appropriate place to seek guidance on
economic and financial issues.


The Committee then took up a text on "Violence against women migrant
workers" (document A/C.3/68/L.22/Rev.1), approving it without a vote, as
orally revised.


Turning to a draft on "The girl child" (document A/C.3/68/L.27/Rev.1), it
approved that text, also without a vote.


An observer for the Holy See reiterated her delegation's reservations over
references to sexual and reproductive health, while pointing out that the
text did not address the rights of the girl child in the womb.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
expressed the bloc's commitment to addressing gender inequality as well as
discrimination and violence against girls.  The European Union was also
committed to continuing to ensure that all children could unlock their
potential.


The representative of Israel, speaking on behalf of a cross-regional group,
highlighted the need to address issues relating to child-headed
households.  Israel's support dated back to the relevant conferences and
outcome documents of 1994 and 1995, which recognized sexual and
reproductive health as critical, she said, noting that 2014 was a pivotal
year that marked the twentieth anniversary of that recognition.


The representative of the United States said her delegation had
co-sponsored the text because addressing discrimination, violence, health
and poverty issues facing girls was the right and smart thing to do.  It
was also important to ensure that policies empowered girls to make the
right decisions and had access to sexual and reproductive health education
and care so they could take responsibility for their lives.


Taking up a draft titled "Rights of indigenous peoples" (document
A/C.3/68/L.30/Rev.1), the Committee approved it without a vote, as orally
revised.


The representative of France said her delegation had joined the consensus,
but collective rights could not prevail over individual rights.  That
principle did not, however, preclude recognizing the special rights of
indigenous peoples on a territorial basis.


The representative of the United States said her delegation had
co-sponsored the draft and stressed the importance of the upcoming World
Conference in 2014.  It should ensure effective and meaningful interactions
with indigenous peoples, she said, pointing out that her delegation was
making efforts to ensure the participation of tribal representatives.  The
outcome of a preparatory meeting held in Alta, Norway, was one of many
inputs that should be adopted at the Conference.


The representative of Canada said he had joined the consensus and his
delegation supported the preparatory process for the 2014 World Conference
on Indigenous Peoples.  However, the United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples was not binding and did not require Canada to
change its domestic laws.


The representative of the United Kingdom said his Government did not accept
the concept of collective human rights under international law.
Individuals within groups should not be left vulnerable or unprotected by
allowing the rights of the group to supersede the human rights of the
individual.


As the Committee took up a draft resolution titled "The right to privacy in
the digital age" (document A/C.3/68/L.45/Rev.1), the Secretary read out the
programme budget implications associated with it.


The representative of Brazil, co-sponsor with Germany, said: "Through this
resolution, the General Assembly establishes, for the first time, that
human rights should prevail irrespective of the medium and therefore need
to be protected both offline and online."


The representative of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea said the
draft was timely and had been tabled in the appropriate forum.  It was a
reaction to the massive electronic surveillance activities conducted by one
country that had shocked public opinion.  Emphasizing that infringements of
State sovereignty should no longer be tolerated, he said massive espionage
activities were targeting Heads of State, who were symbols of State
sovereignty, resulting in rampant violations and interference in internal
affairs.  Talk of democracy by the United States was hypocritical, he said,
stressing that it should therefore abstain from talking about human rights
violations in other countries, especially in light of its use of drones
against civilians.


The representative of Indonesia welcomed the human rights approach to the
right to privacy, underlining his delegation's strong position against
extraterritorial surveillance because it was a violation of international
law and the United Nations Charter.


The Committee then approved the draft resolution without a vote.


The representative of Canada said unlawful and arbitrary surveillance
infringed the rights of individuals and welcomed the distinction that the
draft resolution made between regular and mass surveillance.  Privacy was
linked to freedom of expression, and failure to recognize it could allow
censorship, he cautioned, expressing regret also that it made no specific
reference to the Human Rights Council's resolutions on the rights to
privacy, freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.


The representative of Sweden said the enjoyment of all human rights, online
and offline, including the freedom of expression and the right to privacy,
had been addressed by the relevant resolutions of the Human Rights Council,
and he would have preferred a reference to them in the text approved today.


The representative of Australia said she recognized the Internet's
importance in protecting and promoting other rights, as seen in national
efforts to use the Internet to increase access to education and health for
people living in remote areas.  Digital communications also provided a
platform to advocate for human rights, she said, cautioning that, despite
its many benefits, it also posed risks.


The representative of Singapore said no one should be subjected to
surveillance, and called upon States to respect the right to privacy.
Noting that her country had been a victim of recent cyberhacking, she
expressed hope that delegations had been given additional time for
consultations on the draft resolution.


The representative of the United Kingdom expressed regret over the late
circulation of the draft, as well as its lack of direct reference to
freedom of expression.  The relevant Human Rights Council resolution did
address the promotion and protection of human rights online, he said,
voicing disappointment that such language was not included in the text just
approved.


The representative of the United States said her country had long
championed the right to privacy and to freedom of expression as pillars of
democracy and reaffirmed the relevant human rights instruments, such as the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.  Privacy and freedom
of expression should be promoted online and offline, she said, adding that
seeking, receiving and imparting information were linked to the right to
privacy.  Human rights activists used online tools to promote human rights
and should therefore be able to use them freely.


The representative of Qatar said her country acknowledged the right to
privacy in national legislation and respected the relevant international
conventions.


The representative of Bolivia said that the right to privacy was an issue
linked to State sovereignty and to the right to defend natural resources.
It was the duty of all States to protect the privacy of their peoples, he
said, referring to Edward Snowden's efforts to uncover massive espionage
activities.


The Committee then took up a draft resolution titled "Use of mercenaries as
a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of
peoples to self-determination" (document A/C.3/68/L.66).


The representative of Cuba, co-sponsor of the draft, asked which delegation
had requested a recorded vote.


The Chair responded that the United States had requested it.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
said the use of private military companies and security companies was
regulated by international law.  She encouraged the relevant working group
to remain open-minded in considering the possible elaboration of a
mechanism for overseeing private military and security companies.  Given
the absence of such an important understanding, the European Union would
vote against the draft.


By a recorded vote of 119 in favour to 53 against, with 9 abstentions (
Colombia, Fiji, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Switzerland,
Tonga), the Committee approved the text.


The representative of Argentina said his delegation had voted in favour and
said the draft should be in compliance with other texts of the Special
Committee on Decolonization, among others.


The Committee then took up a text titled "The right to development"
(document A/C.3/68/L.35).


The representative of Iran, speaking on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement,
expressed regret that some delegations had decided to put that important
draft to a recorded vote.  He called on all Member States to show the real
flexibility and commitment to change their positions for the sake of
consensus.


The representative of Cuba asked who had requested the recorded vote.


STEPHAN TAFROV ( Bulgaria), Committee Chair, replied that the United States
had made the request.


The Committee then approved the text by a recorded vote of 148 in favour to
4 against ( Canada, Israel, United Kingdom, United States), with 27
abstentions.


The representative of Mauritania requested a correction to official
records, pointing out that his delegation was not a co-sponsor.


The representative of Canada, explaining her negative vote, said her
delegation had recognized the right to development since 1996 but remained
concerned about an attempt to create a legally binding instrument.  The
right to development could be better implemented by sharing best practices
and strengthening existing initiatives, she said.


The representative of the United States also said she was concerned about
an attempt to create a legally binding international instrument and about
other "unrelated matters" that should be dealt with elsewhere.


The representative of the United Kingdom said her Government supported the
right to development through its disbursement of 0.7 per cent of gross
national income as official development assistance (ODA).  However, she
added, she had not been able to vote in favour of the draft because it was
the responsibility of States to create the necessary enabling economic
conditions, while the provisions of the draft could also curtail political
and civil rights.


The Committee then took up a text on "Safety of journalists and the issue
of impunity" (document A/C.3/68/L.40/Rev.1), approving it without a vote.


The representative of Pakistan said that while he supported the text, one
of its operative paragraphs seeking the identification of focal points had
not been agreed through the intergovernmental process and it was thus
premature to call for its implementation.


The representative of Qatar, noting that her delegation had co-sponsored
the draft, stressed the critically important role of journalists and the
need to safeguard their work.


The Committee then took up a text on "Globalization and its impact on the
full enjoyment of all human rights" (document A/C.3/68/L.47).


The representative of Egypt, the draft's main sponsor, asked which
delegation had requested a recorded vote.


The Chair replied that the United States had made the request.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
said there was no direct link between the effects of globalization and full
enjoyment of human rights, which should be examined on a case-by-case
basis.  Since the draft focused only on the negative aspects of
globalization and not the positive ones, a more balanced approach to the
complex issue was needed.


The Committee then approved the text by a recorded vote of 112 in favour to
52 against, with 0 abstentions, as orally revised.


Representatives of Sudan, Peru, Brazil, Eritrea, Bolivia, Azerbaijan,
Jamaica, Djibouti, United Arab Emirates and Paraguay all clarified that had
they been present during the voting, they would have voted in favour.


The representative of Australia said she wished to put on record that she
would have voted against the draft had she been present.


The Committee then took up a text titled "United Nations Human Rights
Training and Documentation Centre for South-West Asia and the Arab Region"
(document A/C.3/68/L.52/Rev.1), as well as its programme budget
implications (document A/C.3/68/L.74/Rev.1), circulated among delegations.


The representative of Syria said that the delegation of Qatar, as the
draft's main sponsor, had contravened the General Assembly's modus operandi
because it should have presented the draft resolution in the Fifth
Committee, rather than the Third Committee, since budget and funding issues
were outside the latter's mandate.  Doubting Qatar's genuine request for
additional resources to fund the Centre, while arguing that it did not work
as a regional centre but as a national one, she requested a recorded vote.


The representative of Bahrain, speaking on behalf of the Cooperation
Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, said her delegation supported the
draft because the Centre helped to expand and promote human rights
knowledge by providing assistance to non-governmental organizations working
in that field.


The representative of Qatar encouraged all Member States to vote in favour.


The representative of the United States expressed disappointment over the
draft's politicization by one Member State.


By a recorded vote of 170 in favour to 1 against (Syria), with 5
abstentions (Angola, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Namibia, Togo,
Zimbabwe), the Committee approved the text.


The representative of Japan said his delegation appreciated the Centre's
work but was concerned about the draft's programme budget implications.


The representative of Djibouti said she wished to put on record that she
would have voted in favour of the text had she been present.


The Committee then took up a text titled "Promotion of a democratic and
equitable international order" (document A/C.3/68/L.58).


The representative of Cuba, its main sponsor, asked which delegation had
requested a recorded vote.


The Chair replied that Lithuania had made the request.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
said that a significant number of actions proposed by the draft resolution
exceeded the scope of the United Nations, and the bloc would therefore vote
against it.


By a recorded vote of 120 in favour to 54 against, with 5 abstentions (
Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Samoa), the Committee approved the text.


The representative of the United States expressed concern over the draft's
reference to the right to development, adding that the text portrayed the
wrong perception of official development assistance.


The representative of Malaysia said he wished to place on record that he
had voted in favour of the draft.


The representative of Iran emphasized that the sea area between his country
and Arab countries in the vicinity was called the " Persian Gulf", and all
other names were fabricated with no legal value.


The Committee then approved, without a vote, a draft titled "Strengthening
United Nations action in the field of human rights through the promotion of
international cooperation and the importance of non-selectivity,
impartiality and objectivity" (document A/C.3/68/L.59).


Taking up a draft resolution on "The right to food" (document
A/C.3/68/L.60/Rev.1), the Committee approved it without a vote.


The representative of the United States said her delegation recognized the
importance of global food security but was disappointed at the draft's
language on trade agreements and trade negotiations, which were outside the
Third Committee's purview.  Its reference to the global food crisis
distracted attention from larger issues not mentioned in the text, such as
the responsibility to ensure transparency and accountability on the part of
nations receiving food aid.


The representative of Canada expressed concern over operative paragraph 31,
saying it made a link between the World Trade Organization Agreement on
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the concept of
food security.


The Committee then turned to a draft titled "Protection of human rights and
fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism" (document A/C.3/68/L.61/
Rev.1), approving it without a vote.


The representative of Pakistan said that while he had joined consensus, he
was concerned that the text was not based on established international
legal norms on the extraterritorial use of unmanned aerial systems.  The
use of armed drones against innocent civilians was a clear violation of
international law, he emphasized.  Drone strikes were counterproductive in
combating terrorism, he pointed out, calling for an end to illegal drone
strikes in his country.


The Committee then took up a draft resolution on "Protection of migrants"
(document A/C.3/68/L.62/Rev.1), approving it without a vote.


The representative of the United States said she had joined consensus but
was mindful of time constraints and would provide a full explanation of her
delegation's position to the Secretariat.


As it took up a drat titled "Strengthening the United Nations crime
prevention and criminal justice programme, in particular its technical
cooperation capacity" (document A/C.3/68/L.18/Rev.1), the Committee heard
an oral statement of programme budget implications by the Committee
Secretary.


The representative of Indonesia said his delegation had joined the
consensus but had strong reservations on operative paragraph 17, which
referred to the "Financial Action Task Force".


The representative of Iran said operative paragraph 17 did not accommodate
his delegation's concerns and had still stood without reference to the
Financial Action Task Force.


Acting without a vote, the Committee approved the text.


The representative of Venezuela expressed reservations on some of the texts
preambular paragraphs, including one linking illicit trafficking in
firearms as well as their parts, components and ammunition with other forms
of transnational organized crime, including drug trafficking and other
criminal activities, terrorism among them.


The representative of the United States said her delegation had
co-sponsored the draft and would share its general statement with the
Secretariat.


The Committee then approved, without a vote, as orally revised, a draft
titled "Preventing and combating corrupt practices and the transfer of
proceeds of corruption, facilitating asset recovery and returning such
assets to legitimate owners, in particular to countries of origin, in
accordance with the United Nations Convention against Corruption" (document
A/C.3/68/L.21/Rev.1).


The representative of Switzerland called for a more inclusive process,
saying the text did not reflect her delegation's proposal on transparency.


The representative of Liechtenstein said, as a starting point, the text
should have condemned corruption, which had affected the human rights of
millions of people, mostly disadvantaged groups.


The representative of Iran said the reference to "good governance" in
preambular paragraph 5 should not be construed as a new concept.


The representative of El Salvador stressed, among other things, the need to
have solid institutions and capacity to investigate possible acts of
corruption, the importance of strategic partnerships and the role of civil
society in combating corruption.  He would welcome more attention to those
issues in future discussions.


The Committee then took note of the "Report of the Secretary-General on the
follow-up to the Twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice and preparations for the Thirteenth United Nations
Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice" (document A/68/128).


Taking up a text on "International cooperation against the world drug
problem" (document A/C.3/68/L.19/Rev.1), the Committee approved it without
a vote, as orally amended.


The representative of Venezuela said she had joined the consensus but had
reservations on operative paragraphs 3 and 4, which linked crimes also
mentioned in draft resolution L.18/Rev.1.  She added that she would provide
her full statement to the Secretariat.


The representative of Lithuania, speaking on behalf of the European Union,
called attention to the General Assembly special session on drugs, to be
held in 2016, saying the Commission on Narcotic Drugs had primary
responsibility for preparing for it.