Re: What is a Knowledge Graph? CORRECTION

As a mathematician who witnessed the birth of computer science while studying at the University of Leyden in the Netherlands and who attended both philosophy and computer science classes,  I never ceased to be amazed by the ivory towel of Babel in academia.
Very passionate and sometimes outright verbal interchanges took place, and where philosophers, physicists, computer scientists and mathematicians just didn't seem to be able to come up with a general terminology for framing the concepts of information, knowledge and communication.
Again anthropocentrism seems to confound most of us.
At the center of our discussion is Artificial INTELLIGENCE. 

Please see:
https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/ai-alliance-consultation/guidelines#Top
And download the Definition of AI by the High-Level Expert Group.



Look at figure 1: A schematic depiction of AI.
Information is seen as an actionable item, yet is not linked anywhere in this figure to knowledge directly.
An essential characteristic of knowledge is that it is stored or resides "somewhere".
Yet knowledge is key in creating information by means of processes which depend on knowledge representation.
So the ordering suggests: KNOWLEDGE<-->KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION<-->INFORMATION<--> DATA

So knowledge representation and how we create knowledge, either based on formal reasoning or experience (formal theory or massive amounts of data based deep learning) are two essential elements of any trustworthy, ethical and robust AI system.
The 64 million dollar question is whether we just want to model and capture the chain KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION<-->INFORMATION<--> DATA or also include the more elusive and not clearly defined concept of knowledge in AI and autonomous systems.
If we avoid knowledge, knowledge representation which includes natural language provides a much better common ground for any scientific, philosophical or for that matter ethical discussion on AI and autonomous systems.
And when dealing with knowledge representation we have several scenarios to ponder on:(1) the practice of empirical science, (2) decidability in theory of computation, (3) formal proof of Godel for incompleteness, (4) description of sentient beings (and possibly also intelligent) interacting with their environment, (5) Buddhist logic on falsehood of perception of external realities through our fallible senses, (6) modeling our formal interpretations of quantum reality and abstract mathematical spaces, (7) modeling information theory limitations of observed environment in terms of formal description and algorithms for decision-making.
All of these deal with knowledge representation, either using natural language or formal systems or both and all can be modeled using category theory.
And all can be blended as long as we adhere to maximum consistency and coherence.


Milton Ponson
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PO Box 1154, Oranjestad
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Project Paradigm: Bringing the ICT tools for sustainable development to all stakeholders worldwide through collaborative research on applied mathematics, advanced modeling, software and standards development 

    On Wednesday, June 19, 2019, 11:15:03 AM ADT, Marco Neumann <marco.neumann@gmail.com> wrote:  
 
 
On Wed, Jun 19, 2019 at 1:17 PM Steffen Staab <staab@uni-koblenz.de> wrote:




Am 19.06.2019 um 10:59 schrieb Marco Neumann <marco.neumann@gmail.com>:
Thank you for confirming this 
On Wed, Jun 19, 2019 at 9:36 AM Steffen Staab <staab@uni-koblenz.de> wrote:




Am 19.06.2019 um 09:28 schrieb Daniel Schwabe <dschwabe@inf.puc-rio.br>:
Hi,

"information is knowledge in action”.

Actually, I think it’s the other way around: “Knowledge is information in action”. In other words, and simplifying a bit, any information that is used for an action (to achieve a goal) becomes knowledge, when coupled with the information about the action itself.


For the information science community (including the quoted Kuhlen), information is the higher quality object.For the knowledge management community, knowledge is the higher quality object (leading to the cited „knowledge is information in action“).Knowledge representation community tended to define knowledge as justified true belief.

thank you for confirming this here Steffen. but it's also an interpretation that is now changing in the Knowledge representation community isn't it?

Is it?Based on which observations would you say that it is changing in the KR community?I would not consider Linked Data to be a proper part of the KR community, though I do see the emphasis of deixis (using meaningful URIs)as the most fundamental development in logics-oriented KR of the last 20 years(just my personal opinion). I do not see this being discussed much in KR (other than by van Harmelen and colleagues) andthey don’t publish this in a KR conference (to my limited knowledge).

leads me to the question: Do you consider "Knowledge Graph" being a proper part of the KR community? 
 



Or do you do expect it to just power steadily on and leave the likes of Sowa in the dust?

What is the reference of „it“. Above are three different definitions that hardly overlap.Wrt Sowa I would have imagined that he would have subscribed to the third one, but I might be wrong on this.


 



“When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean — neither more nor less.’
’The question is,’ said Alice, ‘whether you can make words mean so many different things.’
’The question is,’ said Humpty Dumpty, ‘which is to be master — that’s all.”
;)

since I just missed the start of Wonderweb by a few month I was always wondering if the phrase "we're all a bit mad here" was a guiding principle for the project.  ;) 

:)Actually, it was solid research, but not revolutionary.


Who came up with the name? I presume it has to be one of the British project participants?


It was not me, but I do not recall who it was.
Cheers










Daniel
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Daniel Schwabe                      Dept. de Informatica, PUC-Rio
Tel:+55-21-3527 1500 r. 4356        R. M. de S. Vicente, 225
Fax: +55-21-3527 1530               Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22453-900, Brasil
http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~dschwabe






On Jun 17, 2019, at 12:53  - 17/06/19, Marco Neumann <marco.neumann@gmail.com> wrote:

but Pat that's already a useful delineation, during my time investigating context-aware mobile computing I also came to the conclusion that it would make sense to separate "context" that does have an altering effect on the meaning of the content from one that doesn't. Earlier in this thread I took the liberty to use the formula "contextual usage of knowledge makes it information", Kuhlen actually uses the word "action" instead culminating in the slogan: "information is knowledge in action". Pat before you disregard this little info nugget here as just gobbledygook keep in mind that it originates from social sciences and epistemology. I appreciate your own observation with regards to the use of “context”, it certainly can be a very mushed situation and participants in the discussion are not necessarily trained or prepared to partake in a philosophical debate about these aspects right away. But wasn't that always like that in AI research? Conferences, workshops, research bodies had to drive participation and increase range to be economically viable and socially relevant? It's no surprise that the Semantic Web community seems to be particularly vulnerable here due to its use of the word "semantic" (almost intentionally) in its name and the lack of "consistent use of terminology". Maybe best best to use "Knowledge Graph" here just as catchy AI marketing slogan like the "Big Data" or "Smart Data" categories du jour to be championed by respective market participants, it maybe neither or only vaguely refer to knowledge or graphs.

PS: bad news especially when it comes to numbers I find it the greatest source of misunderstandings since they are almost always unexpectedly, by syntactical differences, used heavily use case dependent. BTW our social security numbers may not be as unique as you might think.









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Marco Neumann
KONA






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Marco Neumann
KONA