Re: Why do you want to do that?

Hi Denny
Thanks for your input.
See below for my response.

Dick McCullough
Ayn Rand do speak od mKR done;
mKE do enhance od Real Intelligence done;
knowledge := man do identify od existent done;
knowledge haspart proposition list;
http://mKRmKE.org/

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Denny Vrandečić" <dvr@aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de>
To: "Richard H. McCullough" <rhm@pioneerca.com>
Cc: "Pat Hayes" <phayes@ihmc.us>; "Semantic Web at W3C" 
<semantic-web@w3.org>; "KR-language" <KR-language@YahooGroups.com>
Sent: Tuesday, August 12, 2008 5:45 AM
Subject: Re: Why do you want to do that?


> Just a few notes from an interested reader...
>
> In OWL DL and OWL Lite Individuals and Classes are indeed mutually
> disjoint. This is not the case in RDF, OWL Full, and in the current OWL2
> languages (the latter build on Boris Motik's work [1], very recommended
> reading about the current topic).
>
> Dick, you have frequently stated that you consider individuals and
> classes to be mutually disjoint, and this is understood, but you have
> not answered to Pat's very illustrative examples in his 13:47 Mail (ID
> <p06230925c4c6cd2b0a0f@[4.246.36.83]>).
I don't know how to get that email.  If you (or Pat) will point me to
the examples, I will give you my take on the examples.
>
> Another example: why cannot Eagle be both a class (for "Fred the eagle")
> and an individual (instantiating the class "species")? (similar to
> Boris' example from his paper)
It can, but my point is that these are two different 
word-senses/meanings/definitions
which are defined in two different contexts.  They are "view"ed as different 
things
in these two different contexts.
    at view = class { Fred the eagle isu Eagle; };
    at view = individual { Eagle isu species; };     # Aside:  I would treat 
this "Eagle" as a subClass, not an Individual:  Eagle iss species;
When you mix the contexts together
    at view = mix { Fred the eagle isu Eagle; Eagle isu species; };
the meaning of "Eagle" in the first statement is different from
the meaning of "Eagle" in the second statement.
"Eagle" is a name which refers to two different concepts, which
we might designate as Eagle_class and Eagle_individual.
Declaring that "Eagle" is a Class and an Individual only compounds
the confusion.
>
> It is an ontological question, and the answer depends on your definition
> of the terms "individual" and "class". Whereas I think to understand
> Pat's definitions of these terms (since they are in line with the W3C
> standards), I am still struggling to understand your definitions. It
> would be very helpful if you could give references to their definitions,
> since this would resolve the discussion.
1. I think that my definitions of "individual" and "class" are consistent
with the description at the beginning of section 3.1.3 of OWL Guide.
2. My ultimate source of definitions is the "unit" and "concept" of
Ayn Rand (Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology).
I guess I should "shut up" and refer you to Ayn Rand.
She has a knack for clear explanations; I do not.
I do have a knack for integrating her abstract ideas into
a practical tool -- the mKR language.

Rand's unit/concept and OWL's individual/class are, I hope,
attempts to characterize the same process of human concept formation.
I have great confidence that Ayn Rand "got it right" when she said
that units and classes are mutually exclusive (in the same context).
I think that OWL "got it wrong" when it said they are not.

Expressed in mKR, the Rand/McCullough position is that
    {X ismem IndividualSet;} xor {X ismem ClassSet;};
is true in every context.
>
> And now back to my thesis ...
What's your thesis topic?
>
> Cheers,
> denny
>
>
> [1] "On the properties of Metamodeling in OWL", best paper ISWC 2005,
> Journalversion here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exm027
>
> Richard H. McCullough wrote:
>> Hi Pat
>> We've got a lot of confusion between us right now.
>> I'll do my best to straighten it out.
>> See below for my answers, comments, etc.
>>
>> Dick McCullough
>> Ayn Rand do speak od mKR done;
>> mKE do enhance od Real Intelligence done;
>> knowledge := man do identify od existent done;
>> knowledge haspart proposition list;
>> http://mKRmKE.org/
>> ----- Original Message -----
>> From: "Pat Hayes" <phayes@ihmc.us <mailto:phayes@ihmc.us>>
>> To: "Richard H. McCullough" <rhm@pioneerca.com 
>> <mailto:rhm@pioneerca.com>>
>> Cc: "Frank Manola" <fmanola@acm.org <mailto:fmanola@acm.org>>; "Adam
>> Pease" <adampease@earthlink.net <mailto:adampease@earthlink.net>>;
>> "Semantic Web at W3C" <semantic-web@w3.org
>> <mailto:semantic-web@w3.org>>; "KR-language"
>> <KR-language@YahooGroups.com <mailto:KR-language@YahooGroups.com>>
>> Sent: Monday, August 11, 2008 11:15 PM
>> Subject: Re: Why do you want to do that?
>>
>>> At 10:56 PM -0700 8/11/08, Richard H. McCullough wrote:
>>>>I finally got a few minutes to read OWL Guide 3.1.3
>>>>I read that section as supporting my position.  The word "context"
>>>>is mentioned
>>>>several times, with the implication that X ismem IndividualSet; in
>>>>one context,
>>>>and X ismem ClassSet; in a different context.
>>>
>>> Is that actually asserted anywhere? Please give a citation.
>>
>> I said "implication".  It is not clearly asserted.  You have to read
>> between the lines.
>> Here is the beginning of OWL Guide, section 3.1.3.
>> Note the two fragments I have put in bold type.
>> In the second one, the wording "could itself be considered" implies that
>> they
>> again mean "in certain contexts".
>> Note also that "could be considered" is not the same as "is".
>> To correlate with the mKR language, think "could be *view*ed".
>>
>> QUOTE
>>
>> There are important issues regarding the distinction between a class and
>> an individual in OWL. A class is simply a name and collection of
>> properties that describe a set of individuals. Individuals are the
>> members of those sets. Thus classes should correspond to naturally
>> occurring sets of things in a domain of discourse, and individuals
>> should correspond to actual entities that can be grouped into these 
>> classes.
>>
>> In building ontologies, this distinction is frequently blurred in two 
>> ways:
>>
>>     * Levels of representation: It is well known that *in certain
>>       contexts something that is obviously a class can itself be
>>       considered an instance of something else.* For example, in the
>>       wine ontology we have the notion of a Grape, which is intended to
>>       denote the set of all grape varietals. CabernetSauvingonGrape is
>>       an example instance of this class, as it denotes the actual grape
>>       varietal called Cabernet Sauvignon. However,
>>       *CabernetSauvignonGrape could itself be considered a class,* the
>>       set of all actual Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.
>>
>>     * Subclass vs. instance: It is very easy to confuse the instance-of
>>       relationship with the subclass relationship. For example, it may
>>       seem arbitrary to choose to make CabernetSauvignonGrape an
>>       individual that is an instance of Grape, as opposed to a subclass
>>       of Grape. This is not an arbitrary decision. The Grape class
>>       denotes the set of all grape varietals, and therefore any subclass
>>       of Grape should denote a subset of these varietals. Thus,
>>       CabernetSauvignonGrape should be considered an instance of Grape,
>>       and not a subclass. It does not describe a subset of Grape
>>       varietals, it is a grape varietal.
>>
>> UNQUOTE
>>>>
>>>>But a problem arises because OWL doesn't have contexts.
>>>>So, apparently, the OWL solution to mix all contexts together,
>>>>and ASSUME that all the propositions are still true.
>>>
>>> No. The OWL methodology, like that of virtually all modern logic, is
>>> to define a formal semantics for the notation, which then DETERMINES
>>> what is true and false. There are no assumptions anywhere. So there
>>> isn't a problem. And there are no contexts in OWL as it isn't a
>>> context-dependent language.
>>
>> The namespaces used (including rdf, rdfs, owl)
>> contain propositions which are part of the context of
>> every OWL "document".
>>
>> Every OWL "statement" has a context, which includes the "document" 
>> context.
>> In a list of OWL statements, each statement is part of the context of
>> the OWL statements which follow it.
>>
>> The mKR language explicitly says what the context is, using the format
>>     at space=s, time=t, view=v { statement };
>>
>>>
>>>>
>>>>To make this problem more apparent, we can specify the contexts
>>>>
>>>>    at view =  ind { X ismem IndividualSet; };
>>>
>>> What does that mean? What is the semantics of your formalism? Because
>>> if you were to provide one, that would stop all the argument, by
>>> answering the question.
>>
>> "ind" is the name of a proposition list, which is the context of the
>> statement "X ismem IndividualSet;".
>>
>>>
>>>>    at view = cls { X ismem ClassSet; };
>>>>
>>>>The question is: what happens when we mix the two contexts together?
>>>
>>> What DETERMINES what happens? How is consistency defined for your
>> formal logic?
>>
>> Use all the propositions to deduce what is true, and what is false.
>>>
>>>>
>>>>Pat Hayes says
>>>>    at view = mix { X ismem IndividualSet; X ismem ClassSet; };
>>>
>>> No, I didn't say that, as I don't speak this language. I wrote in 
>>> English.
>>
>> Agreed.  That is the mKR paraphrase of what you wrote in English.
>>
>>>
>>> Pat
>>>
>>>>Dick McCullough says
>>>>    at view = mix { not{X ismem IndividualSet;}; X ismem ClassSet; };
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Dick McCullough
>>>>Ayn Rand do speak od mKR done;
>>>>mKE do enhance od Real Intelligence done;
>>>>knowledge := man do identify od existent done;
>>>>knowledge haspart proposition list;
>>>>http://mKRmKE.org/
>>>>
>>>>----- Original Message ----- From: "Frank Manola" <fmanola@acm.org
>> <mailto:fmanola@acm.org>>
>>>>To: "Richard H. McCullough" <rhm@pioneerca.com 
>>>><mailto:rhm@pioneerca.com>>
>>>>Sent: Friday, August 08, 2008 9:01 AM
>>>>Subject: Re: Why do you want to do that?
>>>>
>>>>>On Aug 8, 2008, at 11:21 AM, Richard H. McCullough wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>Over the last six years, I have suggested a number of
>>>>>>"improvements" to the RDF language.  Not one of
>>>>>>my suggestions was adopted.  Apparently,
>>>>>>RDF is fine just the way is, thank you!
>>>>>
>>>>>Yep.  That doesn't imply opposition to improvements though;  some
>>>>>people think the way to provide the "improvements" they want is to
>>>>>define languages "on top of" RDF (like the OWL dialects) rather
>>>>>than  making those changes directly in RDF.  That way, your
>>>>>"improvement"  and my improvement can possibly co-exist more nicely
>>>>>:-)
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>I would now like to turn the tables, and ask
>>>>>>why do you want to do that?
>>>>>>I'll start with two features of RDF which seem to be popular.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>1. X  subClassOf  X;
>>>>>>A neat mathematical property, right?
>>>>>>But if you do the inferences, what it means is
>>>>>>   X  sameAs  X;
>>>>>>We already knew that.
>>>>>>Why do you want to do that?
>>>>>
>>>>>I need some help with this question.  Do you think being able to
>>>>>say X subClassOf Y is OK?  If so, are you asking why RDFS (not RDF,
>>>>>BTW) doesn't explicitly forbid the special case of X subClassOf X?
>>>>>Why do  you want to do that (i.e., test for this special case all
>>>>>the time)?   Or are you asking why people *write* X subClassOf X?
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>2. X  type  Y;  X  subClassOf  Z;
>>>>>>Another neat property: X is an individual and a class.
>>>>>>Now I can ... What?  I don't know.
>>>>>>Why do you want to do that?
>>>>>
>>>>>How about the example in Section 3.1.3 of the OWL Guide?
>>>>>
>>>>>--Frank
>>>
>>>
>>> --
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>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>
>

Received on Tuesday, 12 August 2008 14:14:28 UTC