Re: [w3c/webcomponents] Provide a lightweight mechanism to add styles to a custom element (#468)

I think we should separate this into three questions:

1. What are the observable semantics?
2. How is the specification written?
3. How is this implemented in each engine?

(1) is the most important. Let's set (2) and (3) aside for now, if possible.

My understanding so far includes the following. Please correct and add:

- Precendence order is: important UA > important user > important explicit shadow DOM > **important custom element** > important author > normal author > normal user > **normal custom element** > normal explicit shadow DOM > normal UA. Did I get that right?
- `:host` selectors in the custom element styles work and match the custom element (even if it has no "real" shadow root)
- `::slotted` selectors the custom element styles do not match anything (even if it has a "real" shadow root)?
- you can use selectors like `:host > *` to match light DOM children of the custom element?

I'm sure I got some stuff wrong there; please help me out.

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