RE: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Mike,

I continue to disagree with your personal definition of "track" (your view of how consumers see this) and how this should be implemented (but that should be expected).  My goal is to find the middle-ground where we remove much of the risk in re-identification in the de-identification process so there is still value to data (for example, I agree with URL cleansing as part of that process).  I believe that outcome is fairly balanced against the perceived harm (since there are limited-to-no examples of actual harm),  meets the EU A29WP opinion goal of "likely reasonable", and would likely be voluntarily implemented by industry.

- Shane

From: Mike O'Neill [mailto:michael.oneill@baycloud.com]
Sent: Tuesday, April 02, 2013 9:57 AM
To: Shane Wiley
Cc: public-tracking@w3.org
Subject: RE: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Shane,

If you apply any kind of one-to-one mapping to a unique bit pattern, you get another unique bit pattern. For any particular input you get the same output.  Data records collected over time can be chained together using the transformed identifier as a key to collect an individual's web history. If the rest of the data record consists of a URI you can transform that in order to de-identify it by removing encoded PII from it (the query parameters may include an email address, so you could remove that) but presumably the URI still contains enough information to extract profiling variables, e.g. this is a car dealers website and a page selling a particular type of car.

I cannot see how this can never be used to modify a user's experience. There web history is being collected and they are still being tracked. If they are not what is the point of retaining the cookie identifier.

A request to a resource with DNT set means the user does not want to be tracked. The duration of any identifier used to do that should be limited to that required for a permitted use, if any apply.

Mike



From: Shane Wiley [mailto:wileys@yahoo-inc.com]
Sent: 02 April 2013 16:51
To: Mike O'Neill
Cc: public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>
Subject: RE: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Mike,

Thank you for the input but you miss a key element of the proposal - once the one-way hash function has been applied the data is never again able to be accessed in real-time to modify the user's experience.  This is where the operational and administrative controls - both supported through tech controls - come into play.  The end goal is that we find the point where data still has some value but can no longer be used to single out a specific web browser in real-time to alter their online experience with historical multi-site (non-affiliated) activity.

- Shane

From: Mike O'Neill [mailto:michael.oneill@baycloud.com]
Sent: Tuesday, April 02, 2013 8:27 AM
To: Shane Wiley
Cc: public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>
Subject: RE: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Shane,

If you mean by "anonymous cookie", a cookie stored in a device/UA-session containing a unique identifier then this not anonymous or "pseudonymous". In fact it singles-out an individual far more exactly than their name. By definition there is only one unique identifier whereas there can be several individuals pointed to by the string "Shane Wiley".

If you apply a one-way hash function (or any unique one-to-one mapping) to a UID you just get another unique identifier. Next time a user visits a page you decode the cookie, apply the function, and match the resultant bit pattern to the ones in records you already have. The hash operation serves no useful purpose whatsoever. If the entropy, or number of bits, were reduced by the function (it becomes a one-to-many mapping) then maybe, but what would be the point?

All this underlines the importance that unlinkability (as well as de-identification) be absolutely required to take collected/used data out of scope.

Mike


From: Shane Wiley [mailto:wileys@yahoo-inc.com]
Sent: 02 April 2013 15:43
To: Dobbs, Brooks; Dan Auerbach; public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>
Subject: RE: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Brooks,

I believe "delete" is meant to be an option in the mix.  For example, I can one-way secret hash an already anonymous cookie ID and delete the IP address and query string in the page URL in a record to move it to a de-identified state.

- Shane

From: Dobbs, Brooks [mailto:Brooks.Dobbs@kbmg.com]
Sent: Tuesday, April 02, 2013 7:25 AM
To: Dan Auerbach; public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>
Subject: Re: de-identification text for Wednesday's call

Perhaps this is pedantic but does it not make sense to remove the deletion language?  If de-identified is a property of something and something which does not exist cannot have a property aren't we left with a bit of a tautological problem by defining de-identified data as having been deleted?  Do we really need to say deleted gets you to a safe place?  Alternatively, what would someone be doing with deleted data that could put them in noncompliance?

I think the problem is that we never really meant the full instance of a data "event" being deleted but rather we really meant partial deletion or deletion of certain elements within an event (e.g. "deletion" of the IP address within a transaction event in a log file).  If this is the case wouldn't we be more accurate to describe this procedure using the term modified or redacted?

-Brooks

Sent from my iPhone

On Apr 2, 2013, at 4:22 AM, "Dan Auerbach" <dan@eff.org<mailto:dan@eff.org>> wrote:
Hi everyone,

Given that de-identification is on the agenda for Wednesday, I wanted to send out the current state of the de-identification text. No changes to normative text were made since the ending point of the last email thread. I made some small tweaks in order to tighten up the non-normative language, though nothing has conceptually changed.

We are also putting a pin in the issue of requirements and commitments that a DNT-compliant entity must make with respect to de-identification. I think such a specific commitment is warranted, but we agreed to have that discussion separately.

Thanks again to everyone for the feedback,
Dan

Normative text:

Data can be considered sufficiently de-identified to the extent that it has been deleted, modified, aggregated, anonymized or otherwise manipulated in order to achieve a reasonable level of justified confidence that the data cannot reasonably be used to infer information about, or otherwise be linked to, a particular user, user agent, or device.

Non-normative text:

Example 1. In general, using unique or near-unique pseudonymous identifiers to link records of a particular user, user agent, or device within a large data set does NOT provide sufficient de-identification. Even absent obvious identifiers such as names, email addresses, or zip codes, there are many ways to gain information about individuals based on pseudonymous data.

Example 2. In general, keeping only high-level aggregate data across a small number of dimensions, such as the total number of visitors of a website each day broken down by country (discarding data from countries without many visitors), would be considered sufficiently de-identified.

Example 3. Deleting data is always a safe and easy way to achieve de-identification.

Remark 1. De-identification is a property of data. If data can be considered de-identified according to the "reasonable level of justified confidence" clause of (1), then no data manipulation process needs to take place in order to satisfy the requirements of (1).

Remark 2. There are a diversity of techniques being researched and developed to de-identify data sets [1][2], and companies are encouraged to explore and innovate new approaches to fit their needs.

Remark 3. It is a best practice for companies to perform "privacy penetration testing" by having an expert with access to the data attempt to re-identify individuals or disclose attributes about them. The expert need not actually identify or disclose the attribute of an individual, but if the expert demonstrates how this could plausibly be achieved by joining the data set against other public data sets or private data sets accessible to the company, then the data set in question should no longer be considered sufficiently de-identified and changes should be made to provide stronger anonymization for the data set.

[1] https://research.microsoft.com/pubs/116123/dwork_cacm.pdf

[2] http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/ninghui/papers/t_closeness_icde07.pdf


--

Dan Auerbach

Staff Technologist

Electronic Frontier Foundation

dan@eff.org<mailto:dan@eff.org>

415 436 9333 x134