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<h1><a name="title" id="title" shape="rect"/>Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 2.0</h1>
<h2><a name="w3c-doctype" id="w3c-doctype"/>Editor's Copy</h2><p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright" shape="rect">Copyright</a> © 2013 <a href="http://www.w3.org/" shape="rect"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/" shape="rect"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.eu/" shape="rect"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/" shape="rect">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/" shape="rect">Beihang</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer" shape="rect">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks" shape="rect">trademark</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents" shape="rect">document use</a> rules apply.</p>/div><hr/><div>
<h2><a name="abstract" id="abstract" shape="rect"/>Abstract</h2><p>The technology described in this document – the <em>Internationalization Tag Set (ITS)
2.0</em> – enhances the foundation to integrate automated processing of human language
into core Web technologies. ITS 2.0 bears many commonalities with its predecessor, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/" shape="rect">ITS 1.0</a> but provides additional
concepts that are designed to foster the automated creation and processing of multilingual
Web content. ITS 2.0 focuses on HTML, XML-based formats in general, and can leverage
processing based on the XML Localization Interchange File Format (XLIFF), as well as the
Natural Language Processing Interchange Format (NIF).</p></div><div>
<h2><a name="status" shape="rect">Status of this Document</a></h2><p><strong>This document is an editors' copy that has no official
standing.</strong> Last modified: <script type="text/javascript" xml:space="preserve">
document.write(document.lastModified);</script>.</p></div><div class="toc">
<h2><a name="contents" id="contents" shape="rect"/>Table of Contents</h2><div class="toc"><div class="toc1">1 <a href="#introduction" shape="rect">Introduction</a><div class="toc2">1.1 <a href="#overview" shape="rect">Overview</a></div>
<div class="toc2">1.2 <a href="#general-motiviation-for-ITS2.0" shape="rect">General motivation for going beyond ITS 1.0</a></div>
<div class="toc2">1.3 <a href="#usage-scenarios" shape="rect">Usage Scenarios</a></div>
<div class="toc2">1.4 <a href="#high-level-differences-between-1.0-and-2.0" shape="rect">High-level differences between ITS 1.0 and ITS 2.0</a></div>
<div class="toc2">1.5 <a href="#extended-implementation-hints" shape="rect">Extended implementation hints</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">2 <a href="#basic-concepts" shape="rect">Basic Concepts</a><div class="toc2">2.1 <a href="#basic-concepts-datacategories" shape="rect">Data Categories</a></div>
<div class="toc2">2.2 <a href="#basic-concepts-selection" shape="rect">Selection</a><div class="toc3">2.2.1 <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-local" shape="rect">Local Approach</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.2.2 <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-global" shape="rect">Global Approach</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">2.3 <a href="#basic-concepts-overinher" shape="rect">Overriding, Inheritance and Defaults</a></div>
<div class="toc2">2.4 <a href="#basic-concepts-addingpointing" shape="rect">Adding Information or Pointing to Existing Information</a></div>
<div class="toc2">2.5 <a href="#specific-HTML-support" shape="rect">Specific HTML support</a><div class="toc3">2.5.1 <a href="#html5-global-approach" shape="rect">Global approach in HTML5</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.5.2 <a href="#html5-its-local-markup" shape="rect">Local approach</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.5.3 <a href="#html5-existing-markup-versus-its" shape="rect">HTML markup with ITS 2.0 counterparts</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.5.4 <a href="#html5-standoff-markup-explanation" shape="rect">Standoff markup in HTML5</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.5.5 <a href="#usage-in-legacy-html" shape="rect">Version of HTML</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">2.6 <a href="#traceability" shape="rect">Traceability</a></div>
<div class="toc2">2.7 <a href="#mapping-conversion" shape="rect">Mapping and conversion</a><div class="toc3">2.7.1 <a href="#mapping-NIF" shape="rect">ITS and RDF/NIF</a></div>
<div class="toc3">2.7.2 <a href="#mapping-XLIFF" shape="rect">ITS and XLIFF</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">2.8 <a href="#implementing-its20" shape="rect">ITS 2.0 Implementations and Conformance</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">3 <a href="#notation-terminology" shape="rect">Notation and Terminology</a><div class="toc2">3.1 <a href="#notation" shape="rect">Notation</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.2 <a href="#def-datacat" shape="rect">Data category</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.3 <a href="#def-selection" shape="rect">Selection</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.4 <a href="#def-local-attributes" shape="rect">ITS Local Attributes</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.5 <a href="#def-rule-elements" shape="rect">Rule Elements</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.6 <a href="#iri-usage" shape="rect">Usage of Internationalized Resource Identifiers in ITS</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.7 <a href="#def-html" shape="rect">The Term HTML</a></div>
<div class="toc2">3.8 <a href="#def-css-selector" shape="rect">The Term CSS Selectors</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">4 <a href="#conformance" shape="rect">Conformance</a><div class="toc2">4.1 <a href="#conformance-product-schema" shape="rect">Conformance Type 1: ITS Markup Declarations</a></div>
<div class="toc2">4.2 <a href="#conformance-product-processing-expectations" shape="rect">Conformance Type 2: The Processing Expectations for ITS Markup</a></div>
<div class="toc2">4.3 <a href="#conformance-product-html-processing-expectations" shape="rect">Conformance Type 3: Processing Expectations for ITS Markup in HTML</a></div>
<div class="toc2">4.4 <a href="#conformance-product-html5-its" shape="rect">Conformance Type 4: Markup conformance for HTML5+ITS documents</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">5 <a href="#its-processing" shape="rect">Processing of ITS information</a><div class="toc2">5.1 <a href="#its-version-attribute" shape="rect">Indicating the Version of ITS</a></div>
<div class="toc2">5.2 <a href="#datacategory-locations" shape="rect">Locations of Data Categories</a><div class="toc3">5.2.1 <a href="#selection-global" shape="rect">Global, Rule-based Selection</a></div>
<div class="toc3">5.2.2 <a href="#selection-local" shape="rect">Local Selection in an XML Document</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">5.3 <a href="#selectors" shape="rect">Query Language of Selectors</a><div class="toc3">5.3.1 <a href="#queryLanguage" shape="rect">Choosing Query Language</a></div>
<div class="toc3">5.3.2 <a href="#d0e2542" shape="rect">XPath 1.0</a></div>
<div class="toc3">5.3.3 <a href="#css-selectors" shape="rect">CSS Selectors</a></div>
<div class="toc3">5.3.4 <a href="#d0e2790" shape="rect">Additional query languages</a></div>
<div class="toc3">5.3.5 <a href="#its-param" shape="rect">Variables in selectors</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">5.4 <a href="#link-external-rules" shape="rect">Link to External Rules</a></div>
<div class="toc2">5.5 <a href="#selection-precedence" shape="rect">Precedence between Selections</a></div>
<div class="toc2">5.6 <a href="#associating-its-with-existing-markup" shape="rect">Associating ITS Data Categories with Existing Markup</a></div>
<div class="toc2">5.7 <a href="#conversion-to-nif" shape="rect">Conversion to NIF</a></div>
<div class="toc2">5.8 <a href="#its-tool-annotation" shape="rect">ITS Tools Annotation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">6 <a href="#html5-markup" shape="rect">Using ITS Markup in HTML</a><div class="toc2">6.1 <a href="#html5-local-attributes" shape="rect">Mapping of Local Data Categories to HTML</a></div>
<div class="toc2">6.2 <a href="#html5-global-rules" shape="rect">Global rules</a></div>
<div class="toc2">6.3 <a href="#html5-standoff-markup" shape="rect">Standoff Markup in HTML</a></div>
<div class="toc2">6.4 <a href="#html5-selection-precedence" shape="rect">Precedence between Selections</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc1">7 <a href="#xhtml5-markup" shape="rect">Using ITS Markup in XHTML</a></div>
<div class="toc1">8 <a href="#datacategory-description" shape="rect">Description of Data Categories</a><div class="toc2">8.1 <a href="#datacategories-defaults-etc" shape="rect">Position, Defaults, Inheritance, and Overriding of Data Categories</a></div>
<div class="toc2">8.2 <a href="#trans-datacat" shape="rect">Translate</a><div class="toc3">8.2.1 <a href="#translatability-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.2.2 <a href="#translatability-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.3 <a href="#locNote-datacat" shape="rect">Localization Note</a><div class="toc3">8.3.1 <a href="#locNote-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.3.2 <a href="#locNote-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.4 <a href="#terminology" shape="rect">Terminology</a><div class="toc3">8.4.1 <a href="#terminology-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.4.2 <a href="#terminology-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.5 <a href="#directionality" shape="rect">Directionality</a><div class="toc3">8.5.1 <a href="#directionality-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.5.2 <a href="#directionality-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.6 <a href="#language-information" shape="rect">Language Information</a><div class="toc3">8.6.1 <a href="#langinfo-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.6.2 <a href="#langinfo-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.7 <a href="#elements-within-text" shape="rect">Elements Within Text</a><div class="toc3">8.7.1 <a href="#within-text-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.7.2 <a href="#within-text-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.8 <a href="#domain" shape="rect">Domain</a><div class="toc3">8.8.1 <a href="#domain-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.8.2 <a href="#domain-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.9 <a href="#textanalysis" shape="rect">Text Analysis</a><div class="toc3">8.9.1 <a href="#textanalysis-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.9.2 <a href="#textanalysis-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.10 <a href="#LocaleFilter" shape="rect">Locale Filter</a><div class="toc3">8.10.1 <a href="#LocaleFilter-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.10.2 <a href="#LocaleFilter-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.11 <a href="#provenance" shape="rect">Provenance</a><div class="toc3">8.11.1 <a href="#provenance-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.11.2 <a href="#provenance-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.12 <a href="#externalresource" shape="rect">External Resource</a><div class="toc3">8.12.1 <a href="#externalresource-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.12.2 <a href="#externalresource-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.13 <a href="#target-pointer" shape="rect">Target Pointer</a><div class="toc3">8.13.1 <a href="#target-pointer-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.13.2 <a href="#target-pointer-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.14 <a href="#idvalue" shape="rect">ID Value</a><div class="toc3">8.14.1 <a href="#idvalue-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.14.2 <a href="#idvalue-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.15 <a href="#preservespace" shape="rect">Preserve Space</a><div class="toc3">8.15.1 <a href="#preservespace-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.15.2 <a href="#preservespace-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.16 <a href="#lqissue" shape="rect">Localization Quality Issue</a><div class="toc3">8.16.1 <a href="#lqissue-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.16.2 <a href="#lqissue-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.17 <a href="#lqrating" shape="rect">Localization Quality Rating</a><div class="toc3">8.17.1 <a href="#lqrating-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.17.2 <a href="#lqrating-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.18 <a href="#mtconfidence" shape="rect">MT Confidence</a><div class="toc3">8.18.1 <a href="#mtconfidence-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.18.2 <a href="#mtconfidence-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.19 <a href="#allowedchars" shape="rect">Allowed Characters</a><div class="toc3">8.19.1 <a href="#allowedchars-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.19.2 <a href="#allowedchars-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
<div class="toc2">8.20 <a href="#storagesize" shape="rect">Storage Size</a><div class="toc3">8.20.1 <a href="#storagesize-definition" shape="rect">Definition</a></div>
<div class="toc3">8.20.2 <a href="#storagesize-implementation" shape="rect">Implementation</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><a name="appendices" id="appendices" shape="rect"/>Appendices</h3><div class="toc1">A <a href="#normative-references" shape="rect">References</a></div>
<div class="toc1">B <a href="#its-mime-type" shape="rect">Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) MIME Type</a></div>
<div class="toc1">C <a href="#lqissue-typevalues" shape="rect">Values for the Localization Quality Issue Type</a></div>
<div class="toc1">D <a href="#its-schemas" shape="rect">Schemas for ITS</a></div>
<div class="toc1">E <a href="#informative-references" shape="rect">References</a> (Non-Normative)</div>
<div class="toc1">F <a href="#nif-backconversion" shape="rect">Conversion NIF2ITS</a> (Non-Normative)</div>
<div class="toc1">G <a href="#list-of-elements-and-attributes" shape="rect">List of ITS 2.0 Global Elements and Local Attributes</a> (Non-Normative)</div>
<div class="toc1">H <a href="#revisionlog" shape="rect">Revision Log</a> (Non-Normative)</div>
<div class="toc1">I <a href="#acknowledgements" shape="rect">Acknowledgements</a> (Non-Normative)</div>
</div><hr/><div class="body"><div class="div1">
<h2><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="introduction" id="introduction" shape="rect"/>1 Introduction</h2><p>
<em>This section is informative.</em>
</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="overview" id="overview" shape="rect"/>1.1 Overview</h3><p>
Content or software that is authored in one language (so-called
source
language) for one locale (e.g. the French-speaking part of
Canada) is often made available in additional languages or adapted
with regard to other cultural aspects. A prevailing paradigm for
multilingual production in many cases encompasses
three phases: internationalization, translation, and localization (see the <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-i18n/" shape="rect"> W3C's Internationalization Q&A</a>
for more information related to these concepts).
</p><p>
From the viewpoints of feasibility, cost, and efficiency, it is
important
that the original material is suitable for
downstream
phases such as translation. This
is
achieved by
appropriate design and
development.
The corresponding
phase is
referred to as
internationalization.
A proprietary XML vocabulary may be internationalized by defining special markup to specify directionality in mixed direction text.
</p><p>During the translation phase, the meaning of a source language text is analyzed,
and a target language text that is equivalent in meaning is determined. For example
national or international laws may regulate linguistic dimensions like mandatory
terminology or standard phrases in order to promote or ensure a translation's
fidelity.</p><p>Although an agreed-upon definition of the localization phase is missing, this
phase is usually seen as encompassing activities such as creating locale-specific
content (e.g. adding a link for a country-specific reseller), or modifying functionality
(e.g. to establish a fit with country-specific regulations for financial reporting).
Sometimes, the insertion of special markup to support a local language or script is also
subsumed under the localization phase. For example, people authoring in languages such
as Arabic, Hebrew, Persian or Urdu need special markup to specify directionality in
mixed direction text. </p><p>The technology described in this document – the <em>Internationalization Tag
Set (ITS) 2.0</em> addresses some of the challenges and opportunities related to
internationalization, translation, and localization. ITS 2.0 in particular contributes
to concepts in the realm of metadata for internationalization, translation, and
localization related to core Web technologies such as XML. ITS does for example assist
in production scenarios, in which parts of an XML-based document are to be excluded
from translation. ITS 2.0 bears many commonalities with its predecessor, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/" shape="rect">ITS 1.0</a> but provides
additional concepts that are designed to foster enhanced automated processing – e.g.
based on language technology such as entity recognition – related to multilingual Web
content. </p><p> Like ITS 1.0, ITS 2.0 both identifies concepts (such as “Translate” ),
and defines implementations of these concepts (termed “ITS data categories”) as a set of
elements and attributes called the <em>Internationalization Tag Set (ITS)</em>. The
definitions of ITS elements and attributes are provided in the form of RELAX NG <a title="Regular-grammar-based validation – RELAX NG" href="#relaxng" shape="rect">[RELAX NG]</a> (normative). Since one major step from ITS 1.0 to
ITS 2.0 relates to coverage for HTML, ITS 2.0 also establishes a relationship between
ITS markup and the various HTML flavors. Furthermore, ITS 2.0 suggests when and how to
leverage processing based on the XML Localization Interchange File Format (<a title="XLIFF Version 1.2" href="#xliff1.2" shape="rect">[XLIFF 1.2]</a> and <a title="XLIFF Version 2.0" href="#xliff2.0" shape="rect">[XLIFF 2.0]</a>), as
well as the Natural Language Processing Interchange Format <a title="" href="#nif-reference" shape="rect">[NIF]</a>.</p><p>For the purpose of an introductory illustration, here is a series of examples related to the question, how ITS can indicate that certain parts of a document are not intended for translation.</p><div class="exampleOuter"><div class="exampleHeader"><a name="EX-motivation-its-1" id="EX-motivation-its-1" shape="rect"/>Example 1: Document in which some content has to be left untranslated</div><p>In this document it is difficult to distinguish between those <code>string</code> elements that are intended for translation and those that are not to be translated. Explicit metadata is needed to resolve the issue.</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre xml:space="preserve"><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><resources></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><section</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">id</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"Homepage"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><arguments></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>page<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>childlist<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></arguments></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><variables></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>POLICY<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Corporate Policy<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></variables></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><keyvalue_pairs></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Page<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>ABC Corporation - Policy Repository<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Footer_Last<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Pages<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>bgColor<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>NavajoWhite<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>title<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>List of Available Policies<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></keyvalue_pairs></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></section></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></resources></strong>
</pre></div><p>[Source file: <a href="examples/xml/EX-motivation-its-1.xml" shape="rect">examples/xml/EX-motivation-its-1.xml</a>]</p></div><p>ITS proposes several mechanisms, which differ among others in terms of the usage scenario/user types for which the mechanism is most suitable.</p><div class="exampleOuter"><div class="exampleHeader"><a name="EX-motivation-its-2" id="EX-motivation-its-2" shape="rect"/>Example 2: Document that uses two different ITS mechanisms to indicate that some parts have to be left untranslated.</div><p>ITS provides two mechanisms to explicitly associate metadata with one
or more pieces of content (e.g. XML nodes): a <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-global" shape="rect">global</a>, rule-based
approach as well as a <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-local" shape="rect">local</a>, attribute-based approached. Here, for
instance, a <code class="its-elem-markup">translateRule</code> first specifies that only every second element inside
<code>keyvalue_pairs</code> is intended for translation; later, an ITS <code class="its-attr-markup">translate</code> attribute specifies that
one of these elements is not to be translated.</p><div class="exampleInner"><pre xml:space="preserve"><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><resources</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xmlns:its</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">its:version</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"2.0"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><its:rules</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">version</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"2.0"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><its:translateRule</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">selector</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"//arguments"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">translate</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"no"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">/></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><its:translateRule</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">selector</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"//keyvalue_pairs/string[(position() mod 2)=1]"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">translate</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"no"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">/></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></its:rules></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><section</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">id</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"Homepage"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><arguments></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>page<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>childlist<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></arguments></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><variables></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">its:translate</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"no"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>POLICY<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Corporate Policy<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></variables></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><keyvalue_pairs></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Page<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>ABC Corporation - Policy Repository<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Footer_Last<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>Pages<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>bgColor<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">its:translate</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">'no'</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>NavajoWhite<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>title<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><string></strong>List of Available Policies<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></string></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></keyvalue_pairs></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></section></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></resources></strong>
</pre></div><p>[Source file: <a href="examples/xml/EX-motivation-its-2.xml" shape="rect">examples/xml/EX-motivation-its-2.xml</a>]</p></div></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="general-motiviation-for-ITS2.0" id="general-motiviation-for-ITS2.0" shape="rect"/>1.2 General motivation for going beyond ITS 1.0</h3><p>The basics of ITS 1.0 are simple:</p><ol class="depth1"><li><p>Provide metadata (e.g. “Do not translate”) to assist internationalization-related processes</p></li><li><p>Use XPath (so-called <a href="#selection-global" shape="rect">global approach</a>) to associate metadata with specific XML nodes (e.g. all elements named <code>uitext</code>) or put the metadata straight onto the XML nodes themselves (so-called <a href="#def-local-attributes" shape="rect">local approach</a>)</p></li><li><p>Work with a well-defined set of metadata categories or values (e.g. only the values "yes" and "no" for certain data categories)</p></li><li><p>Take advantage of existing metadata (e.g. terms alrady marked up with HTML markup such as <code>dt</code>)</p></li></ol><p>This conciseness made real-world deployment of ITS 1.0 easy. The deployments helped to
identify additional metadata categories for internationalization-related processes. The
<a href="http://www.w3.org/International/its/ig/" shape="rect">ITS Interest Group</a> for
example compiled a list of additional data categories (see this <a href="http://www.w3.org/International/multilingualweb/limerick/slides/lieske.pdf" shape="rect">related summary</a>). Some of these were then defined in ITS 2.0: <a href="#idvalue" shape="rect">ID Value</a>, local <a href="#elements-within-text" shape="rect">Elements
Within Text</a>, <a href="#preservespace" shape="rect">Preserve Space</a>, and <a href="#LocaleFilter" shape="rect">Locale Filter</a>. Others are still discussed as requirements
for possible future versions of ITS:</p><ol class="depth1"><li><p>“Context” = What specific related information might be helpful?</p></li><li><p>“Automated Language” = Does this content lend itself to automatic processing?</p></li></ol><p>The real-world deployments also helped to understand that for the <a href="http://www.webplatform.org/" shape="rect">Open Web Platform</a> – the ITS 1.0 restriction
to XML was an obstacle for quite a number of environments. What was missing was, for
example, the following:</p><ol class="depth1"><li><p>Applicability of ITS to formats such as HTML in general, and HTML5 in particular</p></li><li><p>Easy use of ITS in various Web-exposed (multilingual) Natural Language Processing contexts</p></li><li><p>Computer-supported linguistic quality assurance</p></li><li><p>Content Management and translation platforms</p></li><li><p>Cross-language scenarios</p></li><li><p>Content enrichment</p></li><li><p>Support for W3C provenance <a title="" href="#prov-dm" shape="rect">[PROV-DM]</a>, “information about entities, activities, and people involved in producing a piece of data or thing, which can be used to form assessments about its quality, reliability or trustworthiness”</p></li><li><p>Provisions for extended deployment in Semantic Web/Linked Open Data
scenarios</p></li></ol><p>ITS 2.0 was created by an alliance of stakeholders who are involved in content for global use. Thus, ITS 2.0 was developed with input from/with a view towards the following:</p><ul><li><p>Providers of content management and machine translation solutions who want to easily integrate for efficient content updates in multilingual production chains</p></li><li><p>Language technology providers who want to automatically enrich content (e.g. via term candidate generation, entity recognition or disambiguation) in order to facilitate human translation</p></li><li><p>Open standards endeavours (e.g. related to <a title="XLIFF Version 1.2" href="#xliff1.2" shape="rect">[XLIFF 1.2]</a>, <a title="XLIFF Version 2.0" href="#xliff2.0" shape="rect">[XLIFF 2.0]</a> and <a title="" href="#nif-reference" shape="rect">[NIF]</a>)
that are interested for example in information sharing, and lossless roundtrip of
metadata in localization workflows</p></li></ul><p>One example outcome of the resulting synergies is the <a href="#its-tool-annotation" shape="rect">ITS Tool Annotation</a> mechanism. It addresses the
provenance-related requirement by allowing ITS processors to leave a trace: ITS
processors can basically say “It is me that generated this bit of
information”. Another example are the <a title="" href="#nif-reference" shape="rect">[NIF]</a> related details of ITS 2.0, which help to couple Natural Language
Processing with concepts of the Semantic Web.</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="usage-scenarios" id="usage-scenarios" shape="rect"/>1.3 Usage Scenarios</h3><p>The <a title="
Internationalization Tag Set (ITS) Version 1.0
" href="#its10" shape="rect">[ITS 1.0]</a>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/#introduction" shape="rect">introduction</a> states: “ITS is a technology to easily create XML, which is internationalized and can be localized effectively”. In order to make this tangible, ITS 1.0 provided examples for <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/#users-usage" shape="rect">users and usages</a>. Implicitly, these examples carried the information that ITS covers two areas: one that is related to the static dimension of mono-lingual content, and one that is related to the dynamic dimension of multilingual production.</p><ul><li><p>Static mono-lingual (for example, the area of content authors): This part of the
content has the directionality “right-to-left”.</p></li><li><p>Dynamic multilingual: (for example, the area of machine translation systems): This
part of the content has to be left untranslated.</p></li></ul><p>Although ITS 1.0 made no assumptions about possible phases in a multilingual production
process chain, it was slanted towards a simple three phase
“write→internationalize→translate” model. Even a birds-eye-view at ITS 2.0 shows
that ITS 2.0 explicitly targets a much more comprehensive model for multilingual
content production. The model comprises support for multilingual content production
phases such as:</p><ul><li><p>Internationalization</p></li><li><p>Pre-production (e.g. related to marking terminology)</p></li><li><p>Automated content enrichment (e.g. automatic hyperlinking for entities)</p></li><li><p>Extraction/filtering of translation-relevant content</p></li><li><p>Segmentation</p></li><li><p>Leveraging (e.g. of existing translation-related assets such as translation memories)</p></li><li><p>Machine Translation (e.g. geared towards a specific domain)</p></li><li><p>Quality assessment or control of source language or target language content</p></li><li><p>Generation of translation kits (e.g. packages based on XLIFF)</p></li><li><p>Post-production</p></li><li><p>Publishing</p></li></ul><p>The document <a title="Metadata for the Multilingual Web - Usage Scenarios and Implementations " href="#mlw-metadata-us-impl" shape="rect">[MLW US IMPL]</a> lists a large variety
of usage scenarios for ITS 2.0. Most of them are composed from the aforementioned
phases.</p><p>In a similar vein, ITS 2.0 takes a much more comprehensive view on the actors that may
participate in a multilingual content production process. ITS 1.0 annotations (e.g.
local markup for the <a href="#terminology" shape="rect">Terminology</a> data category) most of
the time were conceived as being closely tied to human actors such as content authors or
information architects. ITS 2.0 raises non-human actors such as word processors/editors,
content management systems, machine translation systems, term candidate generators,
entity identifiers/disambiguators to the same level. This change among others is
reflected by the ITS 2.0 <a href="#its-tool-annotation" shape="rect">Tool Annotation</a>, which
allows systems to record that they have processed a certain part of content.</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="high-level-differences-between-1.0-and-2.0" id="high-level-differences-between-1.0-and-2.0" shape="rect"/>1.4 High-level differences between ITS 1.0 and ITS 2.0</h3><p>The differences between ITS 1.0 and ITS 2.0 can be summarized as follows.</p><p>
<em>Coverage of <a title="HTML5" href="#html5" shape="rect">[HTML5]</a>: </em>ITS 1.0 can be applied to XML content. ITS 2.0 extends the coverage to <a title="HTML5" href="#html5" shape="rect">[HTML5]</a>. Explanatory details about ITS 2.0 and <a title="HTML5" href="#html5" shape="rect">[HTML5]</a> are given in <a class="section-ref" href="#specific-HTML-support" shape="rect">Section 2.5: Specific HTML support</a>.</p><p>
<em>Addition of data categories</em>: ITS 2.0 provides additional data categories
and modifies existing ones. A summary of all ITS 2.0 data categories is given in <a class="section-ref" href="#basic-concepts-datacategories" shape="rect">Section 2.1: Data Categories</a>.</p><p>
<em>Modification of data categories</em>:</p><ul><li><p id="ruby-in-its2">ITS 1.0 provided the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/REC-its-20070403/#ruby-annotation" shape="rect">Ruby data
category</a>. ITS 2.0 does not provide ruby because at the time of writing the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html51/text-level-semantics.html#the-ruby-element" shape="rect">ruby model in HTML5</a> was still under development. Once these discussions are
settled, the Ruby data category possibly will be reintroduced, in a subsequent
version of ITS.</p></li><li><p>The <a href="#directionality" shape="rect">Directionality</a> data category reflects directionality markup in <a title="HTML 4.01" href="#html4" shape="rect">[HTML 4.01]</a>. The reason is that enhancements are being discussed in the context of HTML5 that are expected to change the approach to marking up directionality, in particular to support content whose directionality needs to be isolated from that of surrounding content. However, these enhancements are not finalized yet. They will be reflected in a future revision of ITS.</p></li></ul><p>
<em>Additional or modified mechanisms:</em> The following mechanisms from ITS 1.0 have been modified or added to ITS 2.0:</p><ul><li><p id="query-language-on-rules-element">ITS 1.0 used only XPath as the mechanism for selecting nodes in <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-global" shape="rect">global rules</a>. ITS 2.0 allows for choosing the <a href="#selectors" shape="rect">query language of selectors</a>. The default is XPath 1.0. An ITS 2.0 processor is free to support other selection mechanisms, like CSS selectors or other versions of XPath.</p></li><li><p id="parameters-in-selector">In global rules it is now possible to set <a href="#its-param" shape="rect">variables for the selectors</a> (XPath expression). The <code class="its-elem-markup">param</code> element serves this purpose.</p></li><li><p>ITS 2.0 has an <a href="#its-tool-annotation" shape="rect">ITS Tools Annotation</a> mechanism to associate processor information with the use of individual data categories. See <a class="sectio-ref" href="#traceability" shape="rect">Section 2.6: Traceability</a> for details.</p></li></ul><p>
<em>Mappings:</em> ITS 2.0 provides a normative algorithm to convert ITS 2.0 information into <a title="" href="#nif-reference" shape="rect">[NIF]</a> and links to guidance about how to relate ITS 2.0 to XLIFF. See <a class="section-ref" href="#mapping-conversion" shape="rect">Section 2.7: Mapping and conversion</a> for details.</p><p>
<em>Changes to the conformance section</em>: The <a class="section-ref" href="#conformance" shape="rect">Section 4: Conformance</a> tells implementers how to implement ITS. For ITS 2.0, the conformance statements related to Ruby have been removed, and a conformance clause related to processing <a title="" href="#nif-reference" shape="rect">[NIF]</a> has been added. For <a title="HTML5" href="#html5" shape="rect">[HTML5]</a>, a dedicated conformance section has been created. Finally, a conformance clause related to Non-ITS elements and attributes has been added.</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="extended-implementation-hints" id="extended-implementation-hints" shape="rect"/>1.5 Extended implementation hints</h3><p id="unicode-normalization">As a general guidance, implementations of ITS 2.0 are encouraged to use a <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-charmod-norm-20120501/#sec-NormalizingTranscoder" shape="rect">normalizing transcoder</a>. It converts from a legacy encoding to a Unicode encoding form and ensures that the result is in Unicode Normalization Form C. Further information on the topic of Unicode normalization is provided in <a title="Character Model for the World Wide Web 1.0: Normalization" href="#charmod-norm" shape="rect">[Charmod Norm]</a>.</p></div></div><div class="div1">
<h2><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="basic-concepts" id="basic-concepts" shape="rect"/>2 Basic Concepts</h2><p>
<em>This section is informative.</em>
</p><p>The purpose of this section is to provide basic knowledge about how ITS 2.0 works. Detailed knowledge (including formal definitions) is given in the subsequent sections.</p><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="basic-concepts-datacategories" id="basic-concepts-datacategories" shape="rect"/>2.1 Data Categories</h3><p>A key concept of ITS is the abstract notion of <a href="#def-datacat" shape="rect">data categories</a>. Data categories define the information that can be conveyed via ITS. An example is the <a href="#trans-datacat" shape="rect">Translate</a> data category. It conveys information about translatability of content.</p><p>
<a class="section-ref" href="#datacategory-description" shape="rect">Section 8: Description of Data Categories</a> defines data categories. It
also describes their implementation, i.e. ways to use them for example in an XML
context. The motivation for separating data category definitions from their
implementation is to enable different implementations with the following
characteristics:</p><ul><li><p>For various types of content (XML in general or <a href="#specific-HTML-support" shape="rect">HTML</a>).</p></li><li><p>For a single piece of content, e.g. a <code>p</code> element. This is the so-called <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-local" shape="rect">local approach</a>.</p></li><li><p>For several pieces of content in one document or even a set of documents. This is the
so-called <a href="#basic-concepts-selection-global" shape="rect">global approach</a>.</p></li><li><p>For a complete markup vocabulary. This is done by adding <a href="#its-schemas" shape="rect">ITS markup declarations</a> to the schema for the vocabulary.</p></li></ul><p>ITS 2.0 provides the following data categories:</p><ul><li><p><a href="#trans-datacat" shape="rect">Translate</a>: expresses information about whether
a selected piece of content is intended for translation or not.</p></li><li><p><a href="#locNote-datacat" shape="rect">Localization Note</a>: communicates notes to
localizers about a particular item of content.</p></li><li><p><a href="#terminology" shape="rect">Terminology</a>: marks terms and optionally
associates them with information, such as definitions or references to a term data
base.</p></li><li><p><a href="#directionality" shape="rect">Directionality</a>: specifies the base writing
direction of blocks, embeddings and overrides for the Unicode bidirectional
algorithm.</p></li><li><p><a href="#language-information" shape="rect">Language Information</a>: expresses the
language of a given piece of content.</p></li><li><p><a href="#elements-within-text" shape="rect">Elements Within Text:</a> expresses how
content of an element is related to the text flow (constitutes its own segment like
paragraphs, is part of a segment like emphasis marker etc.).</p></li><li><p><a href="#domain" shape="rect">Domain</a>: identifies the topic or subject of the
annotated content for translation-related applications.</p></li><li><p><a href="#textanalysis" shape="rect">Text Analysis</a>: annotates content with lexical or
conceptual information (e.g. for the purpose of contextual disambiguation).</p></li><li><p><a href="#LocaleFilter" shape="rect">Locale Filter</a>: specifies that a piece of content
is only applicable to certain locales. </p></li><li><p><a href="#provenance" shape="rect">Provenance</a>: communicates the identity of agents
that have been involved processing content.</p></li><li><p><a href="#externalresource" shape="rect">External Resource</a>: indicates reference
points in a resource outside the document that need to be considered during
localization or translation. Examples of such resources are external images and audio
or video files.</p></li><li><p><a href="#target-pointer" shape="rect">Target Pointer</a>: associates the markup node of
a given source content (i.e. the content to be translated) and the markup node of its
corresponding target content (i.e. the source content translated into a given target
language). This is relevant for formats that hold the same content in different
languages inside a single document.</p></li><li><p><a href="#idvalue" shape="rect">Id Value</a>: identifies a value that can be used as
unique identifier for a given part of the content. </p></li><li><p><a href="#preservespace" shape="rect">Preserve Space</a>: indicates how whitespace is to
be handled in content.</p></li><li><p><a href="#lqissue" shape="rect">Localization Quality Issue</a>: describes the nature and
severity of an error detected during a language-oriented quality assurance (QA)
process.</p></li><li><p><a href="#lqrating" shape="rect">Localization Quality Rating</a>: expresses an overall
measurement of the localization quality of a document or an item in a document.</p></li><li><p><a href="#mtconfidence" shape="rect">MT Confidence</a>: indicates the confidence that MT
systems provide about their translation. </p></li><li><p><a href="#allowedchars" shape="rect">Allowed Characters</a>: specifies the characters that
are permitted in a given piece of content.</p></li><li><p><a href="#storagesize" shape="rect">Storage Size</a>: specifies the maximum storage size
of a given piece of content.</p></li></ul><p>Most of the existing ITS 1.0 data categories are included and new ones have been added. Modifications of existing ITS 1.0 data categories are summarized in <a class="section-ref" href="#high-level-differences-between-1.0-and-2.0" shape="rect">Section 1.4: High-level differences between ITS 1.0 and ITS 2.0</a>.</p></div><div class="div2">
<h3><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="basic-concepts-selection" id="basic-concepts-selection" shape="rect"/>2.2 Selection</h3><p>Information (e.g. “translate this”) captured by an ITS data category always
pertains to one or more XML or HTML nodes, primarily element and attribute nodes. In a
sense, the relevant node(s) get “selected”. Selection may be explicit or implicit.
ITS distinguishes two mechanisms for explicit selection: (1) local and (2) global (via
<code class="its-elem-markup">rules</code>). Both local and global approaches can interact with each other, and
with additional ITS dimensions such as inheritance and defaults.</p><p>The mechanisms defined for ITS selection resemble those defined in <a title="Cascading Style Sheets,
 level 2 revision 1 CSS 2.1 Specification" href="#css2-1" shape="rect">[CSS 2.1]</a>. The local approach can be compared to the
<code>style</code> attribute in HTML/XHTML, and the global approach is similar to the <code>style</code> element in HTML/XHTML:</p><ul><li><p>The local approach puts ITS markup in the relevant element of the host vocabulary
(e.g. the <code>author</code> element in DocBook)</p></li><li><p>The global <a href="#selection-global" shape="rect">rule-based approach</a> puts the ITS
markup in elements defined by ITS itself (namely the <code class="its-elem-markup">rules</code> element)</p></li></ul><p>ITS usually uses XPath in rules for identifying nodes although CSS Selectors and other query languages can in addition be implemented by applications.</p><p>ITS 2.0 can be used with XML documents (e.g. a DocBook article), HTML documents,
document schemas (e.g. an XML Schema document for a proprietary document format), or
data models in RDF.</p><p>The following two examples provide more details about the distinction between the local
and global approach, using the <a href="#trans-datacat" shape="rect">Translate</a> data
category as an example.</p><div class="div3">
<h4><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="basic-concepts-selection-local" id="basic-concepts-selection-local" shape="rect"/>2.2.1 Local Approach</h4><p>The document in <a href="#EX-basic-concepts-1" shape="rect">Example 3</a> shows how a content author can use the ITS <code class="its-attr-markup">translate</code> attribute to indicate that all content inside the <code>author</code> element is not intended for translation (i.e. has to be left untranslated). Translation tools that are aware of the meaning of the attribute can protect the relevant content from being translated (possibly still allowing translators to see the protected content as context information).</p><div class="exampleOuter"><div class="exampleHeader"><a name="EX-basic-concepts-1" id="EX-basic-concepts-1" shape="rect"/>Example 3: ITS markup on elements in an XML document (local approach) </dv><div class="exampleInner"><pre xml:space="preserve"><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><article</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xmlns</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"</span>
<span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xmlns:its</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its"</span>
<span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">its:version</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"2.0"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">version</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"5.0"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xml:lang</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"en"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><info></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><title></strong>An example article<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></title></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><author</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">its:translate</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"no"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><personname></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><firstname></strong>John<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></firstname></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><surname></strong>Doe<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></surname></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></personname></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><affiliation></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><address></strong><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><email></strong>foo@example.com<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></email></strong><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></address></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></affiliation></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></author></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></info></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><para></strong>This is a short article.<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></para></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"></article></strong>
</pre></div><p>[Source file: <a href="examples/xml/EX-basic-concepts-1.xml" shape="rect">examples/xml/EX-basic-concepts-1.xml</a>]</p></div><p>For the local approach (and <a href="#EX-basic-concepts-1" shape="rect">Example 3</a>) to work for a whole markup vocabulary, a schema developer would need to add the <code class="its-attr-markup">translate</code> attribute to the schema as a common attribute or on all the relevant element definitions. The example indicates that <a href="#basic-concepts-overinher" shape="rect">inheritance</a> plays a part in identifying which content does have to be translated and which does not: Although only the <code>author</code> element is marked as “do not translate”, its descendants (<code>personname</code>, <code>firstname</code>, <code>surname</code>) are considered to be implicitly marked as well. Tools that process this content for translation need to implement the expected inheritance.</p><p id="local-approach-not-applicable-to-attributes">For XML content, the local aproach cannot be applied to a particular attribute. If ITS needs to be applied to a particular attribute, the global approach has to be used. The local approach applies to content of the current element and all its inherited nodes as described in <a class="section-ref" href="#datacategories-defaults-etc" shape="rect">Section 8.1: Position, Defaults, Inheritance, and Overriding of Data Categories</a>. For the <a href="#trans-datacat" shape="rect">Translate</a> data category used in <a title="HTML5" href="#html5" shape="rect">[HTML5]</a>, this is different, see the explanation of the <a href="#translate-in-html5" shape="rect">HTML5 definition of Translate</a>.</p></div><div class="div3">
<h4><a href="#contents" shape="rect"><img src="images/topOfPage.gif" align="right" height="26" width="26" title="Go to the table of contents." alt="Go to the table of contents."/></a><a name="basic-concepts-selection-global" id="basic-concepts-selection-global" shape="rect"/>2.2.2 Global Approach</h4><p>The document in <a href="#EX-basic-concepts-2" shape="rect">Example 4</a> shows a different approach to identifying non-translatable content, similar to that used with a <code>style</code> element in <a title="XHTML™ 1.0 The Extensible
 HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)" href="#xhtml10" shape="rect">[XHTML 1.0]</a>, but using an ITS-defined element called <code class="its-elem-markup">rules</code>. It works as follows: A document can contain a <code class="its-elem-markup">rules</code> element (placed where it does not impact the structure of the document, e.g., in a “head” section, or even outside of the document itself). The <code class="its-elem-markup">rules</code> elemet contains one or more ITS children/rule elements (for example <code class="its-elem-markup">translateRule</code>). Each of these children elements contains a <code class="its-attr-markup">selector</code> attribute. As its name suggests, this attribute selects the node or nodes to which the corresponding ITS information pertains. The values of ITS <code class="its-attr-markup">selector</code> attributes are XPath absolute location paths (or CSS Selectors if queryLanguage is set to "css"). Via the <code class="its-elem-markup">param</code> element variables can be provided and used in selectors.
</p><p>Information for the handling of namespaces in XPath expressions is taken from namespace declarations
<a title="Namespaces in XML
 (Second Edition)" href="#xmlns" shape="rect">[XML Names]</a> in the current rule element.</p><div class="exampleOuter"><div class="exampleHeader"><a name="EX-basic-concepts-2" id="EX-basic-concepts-2" shape="rect"/>Example 4: ITS global markup in an XML document (rule-based approach) </div><div class="exampleInner"><pre xml:space="preserve"><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><myTopic</strong> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xmlns</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"http://mynsuri.example.com"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">id</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"topic01"</span> <span class="hl-attribute" style="color: #F5844C">xml:lang</span>=<span class="hl-value" style="color: #993300">"en-us"</span><strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096">></strong>
<strong class="hl-tag" style="color: #000096"><prolog></strong>
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Received on Friday, 9 August 2013 08:46:01 UTC