CSS Box Alignment Module Level 3

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

CSS Levels 1 and 2 allowed for the alignment of text via text-align and the alignment of blocks by balancing auto margins. However, except in table cells, vertical alignment was not possible. As CSS3 adds further capabilities, the ability to align boxes in various dimensions becomes more critical. This module attempts to create a cohesive and common box alignment model to share among all of CSS.

Note: The alignment of text and inline-level content is defined in [CSS-TEXT-3] and [CSS-INLINE-3].

Inspiration for this document:

• summary of a discussion for implementing <CENTER>
• Minutes from March 2008 F2F
• fantasai’s attempt to merge all alignment properties

1.1. Module interactions

This module adds some new alignment capabilities to the block layout model described in [CSS21] chapters 9 and 10 and defines the interaction of these properties with the alignment of table cell content using vertical-align, as defined in [CSS21] chapter 17.

The interaction of these properties with Grid Layout [CSS-GRID-1] and Flexible Box Layout [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] is defined in their respective modules. The property definitions here supersede those in [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] (which have a smaller, earlier subset of permissible values).

No properties in this module apply to the ::first-line or ::first-letter pseudo-elements.

1.2. Values

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS21]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Level 2 Revision 1 [CSS21]. Other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types: for example [CSS3VAL], when combined with this module, adds the initial keyword as a possible property value.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the inherit keyword as their property value. For readability it has not been repeated explicitly.

2. Overview of Alignment Properties

The box alignment properties in CSS are a set of 6 properties that control alignment of boxes within other boxes. They can be described along two axises:

• which dimension they apply to (main/inline vs. cross/block), and
• whether they control the position of the box within its parent, or the box’s content within itself.

Note: This specification uses the terms “justify” and “align” to distinguish between alignment in the main/inline and cross/block dimensions, respectively. The choice is somewhat arbitrary, but having the two terms allows for a consistent naming scheme that works across all of CSS’s layout models.

The following table summarizes the box alignment properties and the display types they can apply to.

Common	Axis	Aligns	Applies to
justify-content	main/inline	content within element (effectively adjusts padding)	block containers, flex containers, and grid containers
align-content	cross/block		block containers, flex containers, and grid containers
justify-self	inline	element within parent (effectively adjusts margins)	block-level elements and grid items
align-self	cross/block		flex items and grid items
justify-items	inline	items inside element (controls child items’ justify-self: auto)	grid containers
align-items	cross/block		flex containers and grid containers

Note: The *-items values don’t affect the element itself. When set on a flex container or grid container, they specify the interpretation of any *-self: auto used on the items in the container element.

3. Alignment Values

All of the alignment properties use a common set of values, defined below.

alignment subject

The alignment subject is the thing or things being aligned by the property. For justify-self and align-self, the alignment subject is the margin box of the box the property is set on. For justify-content and align-content, the alignment subject is defined by the layout mode.

alignment container

The alignment container is the rectangle that the alignment subject is aligned within. This is defined by the layout mode, but is usually the alignment subject’s containing block.

3.1. Positional Alignment: the center, start, end, self-start, self-end, flex-start, flex-end, left, and right keywords

The positional alignment keywords specify a position for an alignment subject with respect to its alignment container.

The <self-position> set of values is used by justify-self and align-self to align the box within its alignment container, and also by justify-items and align-items (to specify default values for justify-self and align-self). The <content-position> set of values is used by justify-content and align-content to align the box’s contents within itself.

<self-position> = center | start | end | self-start | self-end |
                   flex-start | flex-end | left | right;
<content-position> = center | start | end | flex-start | flex-end | left | right;

Values have the following meanings:

center (self, content)

Centers the alignment subject within its alignment container.

start (self, content)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the alignment container’s start edge in the appropriate axis.

end (self, content)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the alignment container’s end edge in the appropriate axis.

self-start (self)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the edge of the alignment container corresponding to the alignment subject’s start side in the appropriate axis.

self-end (self)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the edge of the alignment container corresponding to the alignment subject’s end side in the appropriate axis.

flex-start (self, content)

Only used in flex layout. [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the edge of the alignment container corresponding to the flex container’s main-start or cross-start side, as appropriate. When used on boxes that are not children of a flex container, this value behaves as start.

flex-end (self, content)

Only used in flex layout. Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the edge of the alignment container corresponding to the flex container’s main-end or cross-end side, as appropriate. When used on boxes that are not children of a flex container, this value behaves as end.

left (self, content)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the alignment container’s line-left edge. If the property’s axis is not parallel with the inline axis, this value behaves as start.

right (self, content)

Aligns the alignment subject to be flush with the alignment container’s line-right edge. If the property’s axis is not parallel with the inline axis, this value behaves as start.

Add example images.

Make it easier to understand the dual-axis nature of "start" and "end" wrt orthogonal flows.

3.2. Baseline Alignment: the baseline and last-baseline keywords

See CSS Writing Modes 3 §4.1 Introduction to Baselines.

Baseline alignment is a form of positional alignment that aligns multiple alignment subjects within a shared alignment context (such as cells within a row or column) by matching up their alignment baselines.

The baseline alignment keywords are:

<baseline-position> = baseline | last-baseline

and are defined below:

baseline

Indicates first-baseline alignment: aligns one of baselines in the box’s first baseline set in the appropriate axis with the corresponding baseline in the first baseline sets of all the boxes in its baseline-sharing group.

If the alignment subject’s position is not fully determined by baseline alignment, the content is start-aligned insofar as possible while preserving the baseline alignment. (Content that has no first baselines is thus start-aligned.)

last-baseline

Indicates last-baseline alignment: aligns one of baselines in the box’s last baseline set in the appropriate axis with the corresponding baseline in the last baseline sets of all the boxes in its baseline-sharing group.

If the alignment subject’s position is not fully determined by baseline alignment, the content is end-aligned insofar as possible while preserving the baseline alignment. (Content that has no last baselines is thus end-aligned.)

Should this end fallback be safe or unsafe?

These values give a box a baseline alignment preference: either “first” or “last”, respectively.

When specified for align-content/justify-content, these values trigger baseline content-alignment, shifting the content of the box within its content box, and may also affect the sizing of the box itself. See §4.2 Baseline Content-Alignment.

When specified for align-self/justify-self, these values trigger baseline self-alignment, shifting the entire box within its container, which may affect the sizing of its container. See §5.3 Baseline Self-Alignment.

If both baseline content-alignment and baseline self-alignment are specified in the same axis on the same box, only baseline self-alignment is honored in that axis; the content-alignment in that axis must be treated as start.

Add example images here.

Note: The vertical-align property will also need a first-baseline value because per CSS2.1 for inline blocks, baseline is equivalent to last-baseline.

3.3. Distributed Alignment: the stretch, space-between, space-around, and space-evenly keywords

The distribution values are used by justify-content and align-content to distribute the alignment subjects evenly between the start and end edges of the alignment container. When the alignment subjects cannot be distributed in this way, they behave as their fallback alignment. Each distribution value has an associated <content-position> as a fallback alignment, but one can alternatively be explicitly specified in the property.

<content-distribution> = space-between | space-around | space-evenly | stretch

space-between

The alignment subjects are evenly distributed in the alignment container. The first alignment subject is placed flush with the start edge of the alignment container, the last alignment subject is placed flush with the end edge of the alignment container, and the remaining alignment subjects are distributed so that the spacing between any two adjacent alignment subjects is the same. Unless otherwise specified, this value falls back to start.

space-around

The alignment subjects are evenly distributed in the alignment container, with a half-size space on either end. The alignment subjects are distributed so that the spacing between any two adjacent alignment subjects is the same, and the spacing before the first and after the last alignment subject is half the size of the other spacing. Unless otherwise specified, this value falls back to center.

space-evenly

The alignment subjects are evenly distributed in the alignment container, with a full-size space on either end. The alignment subjects are distributed so that the spacing between any two adjacent alignment subjects, before the first alignment subject, and after the last alignment subject is the same. Unless otherwise specified, this value falls back to center.

stretch

If the combined size of the alignment subjects is less than the size of the alignment container, any auto-sized alignment subjects have their size increased equally (not proportionally), while still respecting the constraints imposed by max-height/max-width (or equivalent functionality), so that the combined size exactly fills the alignment container.

Unless otherwise specified, this value falls back to flex-start. (For layout modes other than flex layout, flex-start is identical to start.)

Add even more example images.

3.4. Overflow Alignment: the safe and unsafe keywords

When the alignment subject is larger than the alignment container, it will overflow. Some alignment modes, if honored in this situation, may cause data loss: for example, if the contents of a sidebar are centered, when they overflow they may send part of their boxes past the viewport’s start edge, which can’t be scrolled to.

To help combat this problem, an overflow alignment mode can be explicitly specified. “Unsafe” alignment honors the specified alignment mode in overflow situations, even if it causes data loss, while “safe” alignment changes the alignment mode in overflow situations in an attempt to avoid data loss.

<overflow-position> = unsafe | safe

safe

If the size of the alignment subject overflows the alignment container, the alignment subject is instead aligned as if the alignment mode were start.

unsafe

Regardless of the relative sizes of the alignment subject and alignment container, the given alignment value is honored.

If the overflow alignment isn’t explicitly specified, the default overflow alignment is similar to unsafe in that an overflowing alignment subject is allowed to overflow its alignment container; however if the this would cause it to also overflow the scrollable overflow region of its nearest ancestor scroll container, then its overflow in that direction is limited by biasing any remaining overflow to the end side. In other words, it is similar to safe alignment except that the limit for switching to start is triggered by overflowing the scrollable area, rather than merely overflowing the alignment container.

It may not be Web-compatible to implement the “smart” default behavior (though we hope so, and believe it to be likely), so UAs should pass any feedback on this point to the WG.

4. Content Distribution: the justify-content and align-content properties

The content distribution properties justify-content and align-content control alignment of the box’s content within its content box.

Aligns the contents of the box as a whole. Values other than normal are defined in §3 Alignment Values, above. If both a <content-distribution> and <content-position> are given, the <content-position> provides an explicit fallback alignment.

4.1. Details per Layout Mode

4.1.1. Block Containers

4.1.2. Multicol Containers

4.1.3. Flex Containers

See [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] for details.

4.1.4. Grid Containers

See [CSS-GRID-1] for details.

4.2. Baseline Content-Alignment

The content of boxes participating in row-like layout contexts (shared alignment contexts) can be baseline-aligned to each other. This effectively increases the padding on the box to align the alignment baseline of its contents with that of other baseline-aligned boxes in its group.

The set of boxes that participate in baseline content-alignment depends on the layout model:

Table Cells:

A table cell participates in first (last) baseline content-alignment in either its row or column (whichever matches its inline axis) if its computed align-content is baseline (last-baseline).

Flex Items:

A flex item participates in first (last) baseline content-alignment in its flex line if its computed align-content is baseline (last-baseline), its inline axis is parallel to the main axis, and its computed align-self is stretch or self-start (self-end). For this purpose, the start, end, flex-start, and flex-end values of align-self are treated as either self-start or self-end, whichever they end up equivalent to.

Grid Items:

A grid item participates in first (last) baseline content-alignment in either its row or column (whichever matches its inline axis) if its computed align-content is baseline (last-baseline), and its computed align-self or justify-self (whichever affects its block axis) is stretch or self-start (self-end). For this purpose, the start, end, flex-start, and flex-end values of align-self are treated as either self-start or self-end, whichever they end up equivalent to.

If a box spans multiple shared alignment contexts, it participates in first (last) baseline content-alignment within its start-most (end-most) shared alignment context along that axis.

When a box participates in first (last) baseline content-alignment it aligns its contents as follows: its alignment subject (i.e. content) is aligned to the start (end) edge of its alignment container (i.e. itself) and the minimum necessary extra space is added between its start (end) content edge and its alignment subject’s edge to align its alignment baseline in that axis with those of its baseline-sharing group. See §7.3 Aligning Boxes by Baseline. This increases the intrinsic size of the box.

Note: In other words, a box participating in baseline content-alignment acts like its padding was increased so that its alignment baseline lines up with the alignment baselines of its participating siblings. The box itself is aligned as usual for its align-self/justify-self value.

4.3. Overflow and Scroll Positions

The content distribution properties also affect the initial scroll position, setting it to display the appropriate portion of the scrollable area. In other words, the scrollable overflow region is aligned relative to the viewport as specified by the content distribution property.

This needs to be integrated with overflow-anchor, when the property exists, so that you get the same behavior whether an elements *starts out* overflowing, or is filled element-by-element.

5. Self-Alignment: Aligning the Box within its Parent

The justify-self and align-self properties control alignment of the box within its containing block.

5.1. Inline/Main-Axis Alignment: the justify-self property

Justifies the box within its containing block along the inline/row/main axis: the box’s outer edges are aligned within its alignment container as described by its alignment value.

The auto keyword computes to the computed value of justify-items on the parent (minus any legacy keywords), or normal if the box has no parent.

The normal keyword represents the “default” alignment for the layout mode. Its behavior depends on the layout mode, as described below.

When the box’s computed width/height (as appropriate to the axis) is auto and neither of its margins (in the appropriate axis) are auto, the stretch keyword sets the box’s used size to the length necessary to make its outer size as close to filling the alignment container as possible while still respecting the constraints imposed by min-height/min-width/max-height/max-width. Unless otherwise specified, this value falls back to flex-start.

Should stretch allow a fallback alignment, like it does on align-content and justify-content?

Note: The stretch keyword can cause elements to shrink, to fit their container.

All other values are as defined in §3 Alignment Values, above.

Note: auto margins, because they effectively adjust the size of the margin area, take precedence over justify-self.

5.1.1. Block-Level Boxes

5.1.2. Absolutely-Positioned Boxes

5.1.3. Static Position of Absolutely-Positioned Boxes

5.1.4. Table Cells

This property does not apply to table cells, because their position and size is fully constrained by table layout.

5.1.5. Flex Items

This property does not apply to flex items, because there is more than one item in the main axis. See flex for stretching and justify-content for main-axis alignment. [CSS-FLEXBOX-1]

5.1.6. Grid Items

5.2. Block/Cross-Axis Alignment: the align-self property

Aligns the box within its containing block along the block/column/cross axis: the box’s outer edges are aligned within its alignment container as described by its alignment value.

The auto keyword computes to the computed value of align-items on the parent or normal if the box has no parent.

The normal keyword represents the “default” alignment for the layout mode.

The stretch keyword is as defined in §5.1 Inline/Main-Axis Alignment: the justify-self property.

All other values are as defined in §3 Alignment Values, above.

Note: auto margins, because they effectively adjust the size of the margin area, take precedence over justify-self.

5.2.1. Block-Level Boxes

The align-self property does not apply to block-level boxes (including floats), because there is more than one item in the block axis.

5.2.2. Absolutely-Positioned Boxes

5.2.3. Static Position of Absolutely-Positioned Boxes

5.2.4. Table Cells

This property does not apply to table cells, because their position and size is fully constrained by table layout.

5.2.5. Flex Items

See [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] for details.

5.2.6. Grid Items

5.3. Baseline Self-Alignment

Boxes participating in row-like layout contexts (shared alignment contexts) can be baseline-aligned to each other. This effectively increases the margins on the box to align its alignment baseline with other baseline-aligned boxes in its group.

The set of boxes that participate in baseline self-alignment depends on the layout model:

Flex Items:

A flex item participates in first (last) baseline self-alignment in its flex line if its inline axis is parallel to the main axis and its computed align-self is baseline (last-baseline). See [CSS-FLEXBOX-1] for details.

Grid Items:

A grid item participates in first (last) baseline self-alignment in either its row or column (whichever matches its inline axis) if its justify-self or align-self property (whichever affects its block axis) computes to baseline (last-baseline).

If a box spans multiple shared alignment contexts, it participates in first (last) baseline self-alignment within its start-most (end-most) shared alignment context along that axis.

When a box participates in first (last) baseline self-alignment, it is aligned as follows: the minimum necessary extra space is added between its start (end) edge and the alignment container edge to match its alignment baseline in that axis up to that of its baseline-sharing group. See §7.3 Aligning Boxes by Baseline. This may increase the intrinsic size contribution of the alignment subject.

Note: In other words, a box participating in baseline self-alignment acts like its margin was increased so that its alignment baseline lines up with the alignment baselines of its participating siblings. The box’s contents are aligned as usual for its align-content/justify-content value.

6. Default Alignment

The align-items and justify-items properties set the default align-self and justify-self behavior of the items contained by the element.

6.1. Inline/Main-Axis Alignment: the justify-items property

This property specifies the default justify-self for all of the boxes (including anonymous boxes) participating in this box’s formatting context. Values have the following meanings:

auto

If the inherited value of justify-items includes the legacy keyword, auto computes to the inherited value.

Otherwise, auto computes to normal.

legacy

This keyword causes the value to effectively inherit into descendants. It can only be combined with the center, left, and right positions. When justify-self:auto retrieves the value of justify-items, only the alignment keyword, not the legacy keyword, is passed to it. It exists to implement the legacy alignment behavior of HTML’s <center> element and align attribute.

Other values have no special handling and are merely passed to justify-self.

The auto keyword exists solely to implement the legacy inheritance property. We could just rename it to legacy, since it computes away to normal unless you’re using legacy anyway.

The legacy keyword acts weird, to make it behave like an inherited value even though this property is not inherited. We don’t mix inheritance and non-inheritance anywhere else, because it’s a bad code smell. Should we remove legacy and make a separate inheriting property for it? Or just drop the behavior entirely and let it remain special HTML magic?

6.2. Block/Cross-Axis Alignment: the align-items property

This property specifies the default align-self for all of the boxes (including anonymous boxes) participating in this box’s formatting context. Values have the following meanings:

Values have no special handling and are merely passed to align-self.

7. Baseline Alignment Details

7.1. Determining the Baselines of a Box

The first baseline set (and last baseline set) of a box for a given axis are a set of baselines (alphabetic, central, etc.) nominally associated with the first (last) line of text within the box. The alignment baseline is one of these, usually the dominant baseline of the alignment container. (See alignment-baseline.) Note that boxes might not have baselines in a particular axis.

The first and last baseline sets of a box are determined differently based on the layout model, as follows:

block containers

The first (last) inline-axis baselines of a block container are generated from the dominant first (last) baseline of the first (last) in-flow line box in the block container, or are taken from the first (last) in-flow block-level child in the block container that contributes a set of first (last) baselines, whichever comes first (last). If there is no such line box or child, then the block container has no baselines. For the purposes of finding the baselines, in-flow boxes with a scrolling mechanisms (see the overflow property) must be considered as if scrolled to their origin (final) position.

A block container has no block-axis baselines.

tables

The first (last) inline-axis baselines of a table box are the first (last) baselines of its first (last) row.

When finding the baselines of an inline-block, any baselines contributed by table boxes must be skipped. (This quirk is a legacy behavior from [CSS21].)

The first (last) block-axis baselines of a table box are the first (last) baselines of its first (last) column.

table rows

If any cells in the row participate in baseline (last-baseline) alignment along the row axis, the first (last) inline-axis baselines of the row are generated from their shared alignment baseline and the row’s first available font, after alignment has been performed. Otherwise, the first (last) inline-axis baselines of the row are synthesized from the lowest and highest content edges of the cells in the row. [CSS21]

A table row has no block-axis baselines.

table columns

If any cells in the column participate in baseline (last-baseline) alignment along the column axis (by having a writing mode perpendicular to that of the table), the first (last) block-axis baselines of the column are generated from their shared alignment baseline and the column’s first available font, after alignment has been performed. Otherwise, the first (last) inline-axis baselines of the row are synthesized from the extreme content edges of the cells in the row. [CSS21]

A table column has no inline-axis baselines.

flex containers

See Flex Baselines in [CSS-FLEXBOX-1].

grid containers

See Grid Baselines in [CSS-GRID-1].

To generate baselines for a box from a single baseline, use the baseline table from the font settings and first available font of that box, and align that baseline set to the given single baseline.

To synthesize baselines from a rectangle (or two parallel lines), synthesize the alphabetic baseline from the lower line and the central baseline by averaging the positions of the upper and lower lines.

Note: The forthcoming Inline Layout Module will define synthesis rules for baselines other than alphabetic and central.

Maybe these things are wrong? CSS 2.1 is really weird about baseline alignment.

7.2. Baseline Alignment Terminology

A baseline-sharing group is composed of boxes that participate in baseline alignment together. This is possible only if they

• share an alignment context whose axis is parallel to their inline axis
• either have the same block flow direction and baseline alignment preference, or have opposite block flow direction and opposite baseline alignment preference (in other words, the baselines that want to align are on the same side of the alignment context).

Boxes share an alignment context along a particular axis when they are:

• table cells in the same row, along the table’s row (inline) axis
• table cells in the same column, along the table’s column (block) axis
• grid items in the same row, along the grid’s row (inline) axis
• grid items in the same column, along the grid’s colum (block) axis
• flex items in the same flex line, along the flex container’s main axis

Boxes in a baseline-sharing group are aligned to each other using their alignment baseline. This is the dominant baseline associated with the box that generates their shared alignment context on the first (last, for last-baseline alignment) formatted line. For example, in horizontal writing modes, specifying align-content: baseline on table cells in the same row will align the alphabetic baselines of their first formatted lines.

7.3. Aligning Boxes by Baseline

Given a set of boxes and their baselines that all belong to a single baseline-sharing group, the boxes are baseline-aligned as follows:

First, generate the alignment context’s baseline table from its first available font and overlay also the mirror of this baseline table by aligning their central baselines. These are the baseline grids to which the boxes will align.

Next, align all boxes by their specified alignment baseline to the alignment context’s baseline table or its mirror, whichever matches its line orientation. Unless otherwise specified (e.g. via the alignment-baseline property), the alignment baseline is the dominant baseline of the alignment context.

Position this aligned subtree within the alignment container as specified by the relevant keyword (baseline or last-baseline).

8. Changes

Changes since the previous Working Draft include:

• Switched initial values to normal instead of auto.

• Renamed true to unsafe and made it the default in all layout modes.

• Fixed handling of justify-self: stretch (and align-self) to allow shrinking, as defined in Flexbox.

• Made justify/align-content:auto compute to their respective behaviors for flex and grid containers, and fixed other computation / “behaves as” situations.

• Various bugfixes and editorial improvements.

9. Privacy and Security Considerations

As a simple layout spec, this introduces no new privacy or security considerations.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks goes to Javier Fernandez, Markus Mielke, Alex Mogilevsky, and the participants in the CSSWG’s March 2008 F2F alignment discussions.