Re: Moral Reasoning Systems

Hay Adam

Thanks a lot for this note. It tackles an important topic, which I have
been working on for some time. mostly trying to figure out how to tell
machine to be good. How to do that .... an ontology and a bunch of rules
should do but...
Humanity has not yet been able to set a good example for machine.
on the other hand machine can be simpler to programme than humanity.

But let me start by 'objecting' to the choice of term 'moral'. I use the
term 'ethical' and inclined to think that it is far wiser choice.
Simple argument made here:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1UylwnWzYWfITyTsNUctELncVxatYUKx74RjwtWgpyP4/edit?usp=sharing

Thoughts?

Secondly, I d very much like to see address the relevance to the semantic
web (and web in general) and some suggestion of how to work on this
important topic in the most pervasive way
How to advance this topic sensibly and ostensibly

Chirps

PDM



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Paola Di Maio
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On Tue, Nov 22, 2016 at 1:03 AM, Adam Sobieski <adamsobieski@hotmail.com>
wrote:

> W3C Semantic Web Interest Group,
>
> I would like to broach with you the interesting topics of automated moral
> reasoning.
>
> *Introduction*
>
> Automated reasoning is a branch of artificial intelligence dedicated to
> understanding different aspects of reasoning; moral reasoning is reasoning
> concerned with morality. Automated moral reasoning is a research topic
> pertaining to the understanding of and the modeling and simulation of moral
> reasoning.
>
> *Moral Reasoning Systems and Education*
>
> Five varieties of moral reasoning systems with educational applications to
> consider are indicated.
>
> Firstly, there is a variety of moral reasoning system with console-based
> or text-based user interfaces, a variety which possibly makes use of custom
> programming languages. This variety requires some specialized expertise to
> use, resembling, perhaps, computer algebra systems, automated theorem
> provers and proof assistants.
>
> Secondly, there is a variety of moral reasoning system which interoperates
> with software applications requiring less specialized expertise to use,
> software where the users needn’t be computer programmers. Examples include
> decision support systems, software which support individual or
> organizational decision-making activities.
>
> Thirdly, there is a variety of moral reasoning system with natural
> language and multimodal user interfaces. This variety includes dialog
> systems, virtual humans, intelligent personal assistants and intelligent
> tutoring systems. This variety can conveniently answer, discuss and advise
> larger numbers of users with regard to questions that they might ask,
> including in educational contexts.
>
> Fourthly, there is a variety of moral reasoning system which interoperates
> with the processing and generation of stories, fables, parables or
> exemplums. This variety can be of use in processing the moral messages of
> literary texts and generating literary texts which teach moral messages.
>
> Fifthly, there is a variety of moral reasoning system which interoperates
> with interactive digital entertainment, serious games, simulations and
> learning environments. This variety interoperates with virtual interactive
> storytellers, virtual directors, drama managers, experience managers and
> other educational narrative technologies.
>
> *Automated Moral Reasoning and Planning*
>
> Automated planning and scheduling is a branch of artificial intelligence
> concerned with the realization of strategies or action sequences. Planning
> algorithms are often instrumental to generating the behavior of intelligent
> systems and robotics.
>
> Machine ethics, or computational ethics, is a part of the ethics of
> artificial intelligence concerned with the moral behavior of artificially
> intelligent systems. Moral reasoning components should be interoperable
> with planning and scheduling components.
>
> Uses of planning are much broader than robotics. Uses of planning extend
> into every sector, into industry, academia, science, military and
> government, and into public policy. Combinations of planners and moral
> reasoning can provide societal benefits transcending robotics and machine
> ethics.
>
> *Conclusion*
>
> Moral reasoning systems can provide broad societal benefits including
> computer-aided moral reasoning, computer-aided authoring of literature, new
> tools for philosophy, law, social sciences, the digital humanities, new
> decision support and public policy technologies, and new tools for
> education.
>
>
>
> *References*
>
> Barber, Heather, and Daniel Kudenko. "Generation of Adaptive Dilemma-based
> Interactive Narratives." IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence
> and AI in Games 1, no. 4 (2009): 309-326.
>
> Colyvan, Mark, Damian Cox, and Katie Steele. "Modelling the Moral
> Dimension of Decisions." Noûs 44, no. 3 (2010): 503-529.
>
> French, Simon. Decision Theory: An Introduction to the Mathematics of
> Rationality. Halsted Press, 1986.
>
> Goldin, Ilya M., Kevin D. Ashley, and Rosa L. Pinkus. "Introducing PETE:
> Computer Support for Teaching Ethics." In Proceedings of the 8th
> international conference on Artificial intelligence and law, pp. 94-98.
> ACM, 2001.
>
> Greco, Salvatore, J. Figueira, and M. Ehrgott. "Multiple Criteria Decision
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>
> Harmon, Sarah. "An Expressive Dilemma Generation Model for Players and
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>
> Hodhod, Rania. "Interactive Narrative and Intelligent Tutoring for
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>
> Hodhod, Rania, and Daniel Kudenko. "Interactive Narrative and Intelligent
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> Domains: Assessment and Feedback in Ill-Defined Domains. (2008): 13.
>
> Hodhod, Rania, Daniel Kudenko, and Paul Cairns. "AEINS: Adaptive
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> Workshops Proceedings, p. 79. 2009.
>
> Hodhod, Rania, Daniel Kudenko, and Paul Cairns. "Serious Games to Teach
> Ethics." AISB'09: Artificial and Ambient Intelligence (2009).
>
> Lapsley, Daniel K. Moral Psychology. Westview Press, 1996.
>
> Mancherjee, Kevin, and Angela C. Sodan. "Can Computer Tools Support
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>
> McLaren, Bruce M. "Extensionally Defining Principles and Cases in Ethics:
> An AI Model." Artificial Intelligence 150, no. 1 (2003): 145-181.
>
> McLaren, Bruce M. "Computational Models of Ethical Reasoning: Challenges,
> Initial Steps, and Future Directions." IEEE intelligent systems 21, no. 4
> (2006): 29-37.
>
> Prakken, Henry, and Giovanni Sartor. "Law and Logic: A Review from an
> Argumentation Perspective." Artificial intelligence 227 (2015): 214-245.
>
> Rahwan, Iyad, Simon D. Parsons, and Nicolas Maudet. Argumentation in
> Multi-agent Systems. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
>
> Robbins, Russell W., William A. Wallace, and Bill Puka. "Supporting
> Ethical Problem Solving: An Exploratory Investigation." In Proceedings of
> the 2004 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Careers,
> culture, and ethics in a networked environment, pp. 134-143. ACM, 2004.
>
> Saptawijaya, Ari, and Luís Moniz Pereira. "Towards Modeling Morality
> Computationally with Logic Programming." In International Symposium on
> Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, pp. 104-119. Springer
> International Publishing, 2014.
>
> Schrier, Karen. "EPIC: A Framework for Using Video Games in Ethics
> Education." Journal of Moral Education 44, no. 4 (2015): 393-424.
>
> Sharipova, Mayya, and Gordon McCalla. "Supporting Students’ Interactions
> over Case Studies." In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
> in Education, pp. 772-775. Springer International Publishing, 2015.
>
> Tappan, Mark B., and Lyn Mikel Brown. "Stories Told and Lessons Learned:
> Toward a Narrative Approach to Moral Development and Moral Education."
> Harvard Educational Review 59, no. 2 (1989): 182-206.
>
> Tappan, Mark B. "Hermeneutics and Moral Development: Interpreting
> Narrative Representations of Moral Experience." Developmental Review 10,
> no. 3 (1990): 239-265.
>
> Tappan, Mark B., and Packer, M. (Eds.). Narrative and Storytelling:
> Implications for Understanding Moral Development. New Directions for Child
> Development, #54. San Franciso Jossey-Bass, 1991.
>
> Vitz, Paul C. "The Use of Stories in Moral Development: New Psychological
> Reasons for an Old Education Method." American Psychologist 45, no. 6
> (1990): 709.
>
>
>
> *https://www.w3.org/community/argumentation/2016/11/09/moral-reasoning-systems/*
> <https://www.w3.org/community/argumentation/2016/11/09/moral-reasoning-systems/>
>
>
> *https://www.w3.org/community/argumentation/wiki/Main_Page#Ethical_Reasoning_Systems_and_Legal_Expert_Systems*
> <https://www.w3.org/community/argumentation/wiki/Main_Page#Ethical_Reasoning_Systems_and_Legal_Expert_Systems>
>
>
> Best regards,
> Adam Sobieski
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> <https://www.w3.org/community/argumentation/>
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> <https://www.w3.org/community/collaboration/>
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>