[whatwg/url] Define the "extract an origin" operation. (PR #892)

https://github.com/whatwg/html/pull/11846 added an `Origin` interface, which relies on an "extract an origin" operation to support the creation of new `Origin` objects via `Origin.from(...)`. This PR defines that operation for `URL` objects.

Addresses a remaining portion of https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/11534.

- [X] At least two implementers are interested (and none opposed):
   * https://github.com/whatwg/html/pull/11846 records the support for the underlying change.
- [X] [Tests](https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt) are written and can be reviewed and commented upon at:
   * https://wpt.fyi/results/html/browsers/origin/tentative/api/origin-from-url.any.html?label=experimental&label=master&aligned (will be non-tentative shortly).
- [X] [Implementation bugs](https://github.com/whatwg/meta/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md#handling-pull-requests) are filed:
   * This work is part of the work necessary for the bugs recorded in the HTML PR above.
- [X] [MDN issue](https://github.com/whatwg/meta/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md#handling-pull-requests) is filed: Same as the HTML PR above.
- [X] The top of this comment includes a [clear commit message](https://github.com/whatwg/meta/blob/main/COMMITTING.md) to use. <!-- If you created this PR from a single commit, Github copied its message. Otherwise, you need to add a commit message yourself. -->

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  https://github.com/whatwg/url/pull/892

-- Commit Summary --

  * Define the "extract an origin" operation.

-- File Changes --

    M url.bs (5)

-- Patch Links --

https://github.com/whatwg/url/pull/892.patch
https://github.com/whatwg/url/pull/892.diff

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