Re: Frequency Capping

A few weeks back, in his compromise proposal, Shane provided a really 
useful description of the reasons (other than profiling/advert 
targeting) for which servers might need to track third parties in a 
DNT-1 scenario (see snippet below).

It seems to me that alternative F-cap proposals might allow for 2 and 3, 
at least, to occur without tracking. I think maybe 1 as well (although 
folks have mentioned that security detection is problematic with siloed 
data. I'm not sure why, from a technical standpoint).

We can debate the extent to which 4 and 5 are legitimate.

_______________________________

/<Normative>/

1. *Security - *Data MAY be collected and used for the express and 
limited purpose of security and fraud detection and defense.This 
includes data reasonably necessary for enabling 
authentication/verification, detecting hostile transactions and attacks, 
providing fraud prevention, or bolstering site and system security.

/<Non-Normative>/

Restricting security and fraud detection and defense efforts could harm 
users.We do not want to mistakenly turn Do Not Track into a signal for 
user vulnerability.

·Resources:For additional details on the uses of Security data please 
see the DAA Self-Regulatory Principles for Multi-site Data: 
Authentication, Verification, Fraud Prevention and Security & 
Compliance, & Public Purpose and Consumer Safety

/<Normative>/

2. *Financial Purposes - *Data MAY be collected and used for the limited 
purpose of financial fulfillment such as billing and audit 
compliance.This purpose is strictly necessary for the continued 
operation of most websites and requires uniqueness to prove user 
interactions (ad impression and ad click) were indeed achieved as billed 
for.**

/<Non-Normative>/

NOTE:Typically all relevant advertising order criteria is necessary for 
retention of ad interactions.**

·Examples of data uses include, but are not limited to:

•Ad Impression verification (CPM)

•Ad Click verification (CPC)

•Site Conversion associated with Ad Impression or Ad Click (CPA)

•Quality Measures such as ad position (location on page, above/below 
fold) and site the ad was served on (high quality vs. low quality 
content association)

·Reference:For additional examples and associated details please see the 
IAB Financial Audit Guidelines.

/<Normative>/

3. *Frequency Capping - *Data MAY be collected and used for the limited 
purpose of frequency capping – the practice of keeping “count” of the 
number of times a user or device has seen a specific ad and then halting 
further display of that ad once the designated threshold has been reached.

/<Non-Normative>/

NOTE:Restricting the number of times a user agent displays ads prevents 
a user from having to see repetitive ads, prevents publishers from 
displaying repetitive ads, and prevents advertisers from harming the 
reputation of their clients.**

·Examples of important data uses include, but are not limited to:

•Reach and frequency metrics

•Ad performance

•Logging the number and type of advertisements served on a particular 
Web site(s).

•Reporting

·Reference:For additional examples and associated details please see the 
DAA Self-Regulatory Principles for Multi-site Data:

/<Normative>/

*4. Product Debugging – *Data MAY be collected and used for the limited 
purpose of identifying and repairing site errors to intended 
functionality (“Debugging”).

/<Non-Normative>/

Detailed information is often necessary to replicate a specific user’s 
experience to understand why their particular set of variables is 
resulting in a failure of expected functionality or presentation.

These variables could include items such as:

·cookie IDs

·URL of the page

·device (UA) details

·content specifics

·activity/event specifics to narrow in on the cause of the discrepancy

/<Normative>/

*5. Aggregate Reporting - *Data MAY be collected and used for the 
express and limited purpose of aggregate reporting.Aggregate reporting 
end-points should meet the objectives of “unlinkability” (see below) and 
therefore are outside of the scope of the DNT standard.There is a time 
interval necessary to retain event level records to aggregate across the 
necessary time spans accurately (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc.).

/<Non-Normative>/

While detailed event level data is not present at the outcome of 
aggregated reporting it is a necessary ingredient to arrive there.

Examples of uses of aggregate reporting:

·Product Improvement (via Site Analytics)

oNavigation (Referring sites, Exit Points, Internal Navigation used or 
not used)

oVisitor Counts (New, Returning, High Activity, Low Activity)

·Market Research

othe characteristics of a market or group of consumers; or

othe performance of a product, service or feature, in order to improve 
existing products or services or to develop new products or services.

________________________________________________

On 7/11/2012 4:07 PM, Grimmelmann, James wrote:
> Chris, I think you are missing the point of my comment.
>
> Like Jonathan, I would like to see a detailed conversation on whether advertisers' and publishers' interests behind frequency capping could be addressed in ways that are not identical to frequency capping as it is practiced today.  By saying that frequency capping is required by advertiser contracts, you were cutting off that conversation before it could even get started.  Jonathan was brainstorming for ways to limit user exposure to the same ad that require less tracking than pure frequency capping.  I'd like to know what "good enough" frequency capping would look like and whether it would actually be good enough.  Please help in that effort, and don't just say, "It can't be done."
>
> James
>
> On Jul 11, 2012, at 3:27 PM, Chris Mejia wrote:
>
>> James,
>>
>> Since I didn't go into the obvious details before, I will dive a little
>> deeper here, as I realize now that many on this forum are not intimately
>> experienced with the actual business of digital advertising.  I hope you
>> will appreciate that the digital advertising industry carefully balances
>> business concerns with user concerns (thus the "win-win" model we have
>> proven works--consumers and thus consumer protection are key to our
>> success).
>>
>> With regards to f-capping on the side of user concerns, as I previously
>> stated, advertisers AND publishers do not want to annoy users with
>> repeated delivery of the same ad creative.  Nor is the repeated delivery
>> of the same ad creative to the same user a good business practice for
>> advertisers and publishers.  There is always a monetary cost associated
>> with the delivery of an ad impression (such as the cost of ad serving and
>> the overhead of campaign management).  So the assertion that we just spray
>> the same ads indiscriminately onto those who have turned on DNT:1 will not
>> only be found utterly annoying to those users (at the additional cost of
>> negative consumer brand association for those advertisers), it also costs
>> real money.  Remember, every single impression served costs actual
>> money--and aggregated, the cost of serving billions of impressions daily
>> is not trivial (take away here = nothing that happens on the Internet is
>> actually "free" of costs).  When a publisher's cost goes up, those costs
>> are passed to the advertiser (and ultimately to the consumer). So when the
>> publisher serves more ads (in this case, as a result of NOT f-capping a
>> campaign), the publisher charges the advertiser for those additional
>> served impressions.  The idea that this increased cost be paid for by
>> publishers and advertisers, on behalf of those users who are opting out of
>> the publisher:consumer value exchange (when these consumers effectively
>> 'devalue' themselves in the value exchange by turning on DNT:1), goes
>> against the laws of market economics.  If you think advertisers are not
>> going to require f-capping, think again.  Advertisers have plenty of
>> reasonable business reasons to require f-capping in their contracts:  i.e.
>> a) not annoy consumers with overdelivery when such annoyance leads to
>> negative advertiser brand association, and b) not needlessly waste ad
>> impressions and money on serving ads over and over again to users who have
>> opted out of the value exchange in the first place.  Again, f-capping
>> represents a win-win practice for industry AND users, even those users who
>> have opted out with DNT:1.
>>
>> Since we are on the topic of publishing costs and the value exchange that
>> pays for these costs so that content may be delivered to users, I'm very
>> concerned about the end game of an irresponsible DNT specification (just
>> as a reminder, I am FOR a responsible, balanced and well thought out DNT
>> spec).  In the world of ubiquitous DNT:1 signals that many advocates on
>> this forum support, what do you suppose will be the necessary
>> business-motivated recourse for most for-profit publishers?  My educated
>> guess is the rapid proliferation of payment gateways, with subscription
>> services paying for content when advertising alone no longer supports the
>> publishing of "free" content.
>>
>> In this case, is the W3C inadvertently, but consequently promoting the
>> idea of a new digital divide?  A divide where those with wealth and credit
>> cards afford access to professionally developed content, while those
>> without sufficient wealth will be blocked from accessing the same?  If you
>> don't think this is a realistic outcome, please explain precisely how
>> professionally developed content will be paid for without sufficient
>> advertising revenue.  Remember, real costs must be paid for with real
>> dollars.
>>
>> Is the answer that the reduction in revenue that a ubiquitous DNT:1 will
>> undoubtedly bring, mean that publishers should scale back innovation, cut
>> jobs, slow investment in the future?  Should all consumers pay this price?
>> In a free market economy, I'm going to bet that innovation will actually
>> not slow; BUT it will be shifted to focus on only those who can afford to
>> pay for it.  Will government pay for the the (less financially fortunate)
>> others?  Will non-profit consumer advocates pay for 'the others' to access
>> this premium content?  Today, the vast majority of that online innovation
>> and premium content is paid for by the publisher:consumer value exchange
>> (advertising pays for innovation, content and access to that content).
>>
>> And how about the free press?  Who will pay for the free press?  Over the
>> last 10-years we have experienced a severe reduction in subsidized
>> regional newspaper content as a result of underperforming advertising
>> revenues (economy/recession related?) for local news organizations.
>> Consequently, to reduce costs, most regional newspapers who have survived
>> (or are just barely hanging on in some cases) are restructuring their
>> service to less costly Web-only publishing models.  But even Web
>> publishing costs money, and ad revenues per impression are far less online
>> than they were in print.  So when these newspapers (the free, advertising
>> supported, press) cannot afford to self-sustain online, who will pay to
>> replace their professional news reporting?  Are we all comfortable moving
>> to a government funded press model?  If this sounds ridiculous, have a
>> look at the trend:
>> http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/NEWSPAPERS0903.html.  In
>> conclusion, I'll step off my soapbox as soon as those who questions such
>> reasonable win-win practices as f-capping step off theirs, and we all
>> start working together on reasonable win-win solutions.
>>
>> Chris Mejia | Digital Supply Chain Solutions | Ad Technology Group |
>> Interactive Advertising Bureau - IAB
>>
>>
>>
>> On 7/11/12 1:31 PM, "Grimmelmann, James"<James.Grimmelmann@nyls.edu>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Advertisers require frequency capping in insertion orders because ad
>>> deliverers are capable of providing it.  If an ad deliverer were to say
>>> that it could not promise pure frequency capping for users who have
>>> requested DNT, but only some best-efforts version such as the one
>>> Jonathan outlines, the deliverer simply wouldn't let advertisers write
>>> that term into their contracts with it.  Of course, this might come at
>>> some cost to the deliverer, and that tradeoff is a fair subject for
>>> discussion.  But let's not mistake the "requirements" of current
>>> advertising contracts for the requirements of the future advertising
>>> contracts that will be written in view of the DNT standard and various
>>> parties' implementations of it.
>>>
>>> I would add that since the primary motivation of frequency capping is to
>>> reduce user annoyance, users ought to be given the chance to choose for
>>> themselves whether to suffer that annoyance or the annoyance of being
>>> tracked for frequency capping purposes.
>>>
>>> James
>>>
>>> --------------------------------------------------
>>> James Grimmelmann              Professor of Law
>>> New York Law School                 (212) 431-2864
>>> 185 West Broadway
>>> james.grimmelmann@nyls.edu<mailto:james.grimmelmann@nyls.edu>
>>> New York, NY 10013    http://james.grimmelmann.net
>>>
>>> On Jul 11, 2012, at 12:59 PM, Chris Mejia wrote:
>>>
>>> Jonathan,
>>>
>>> Frequency capping (f-capping) is usually a contractual obligation for the
>>> party responsible for delivering the ad (an ad-netork, a publisher, and
>>> exchange, etc.) and is almost always required by the advertiser in
>>> insertion orders (the insertion order or "IO" is the contract between the
>>> parties).  It looks like your assumption below is that f-capping is
>>> (only) a 'tactic' to increase ROI for performance campaigns.  While this
>>> is sometimes true (yet mostly not), it's actually rarely the real
>>> motivation of doing f-capping.  The requirement for f-capping the
>>> delivery of a campaign to users is generally contractually obligated by
>>> the advertiser, for several good reasons, but most importantly for not
>>> annoying the user with multiple servings of the same ad creative, over
>>> and over again in one time frame (i.e. in a 24-hour time period).
>>>
>>> As f-capping is generally contractually obligated, it's not up to the
>>> deliverer of the ad to CHOOSE which campaigns to f-cap‹ it's a
>>> REQUIREMENT to f-cap all campaigns where contractually obligated to do
>>> so.  F-capping has happened in television advertising for many years‹
>>> imagine how annoying it is when the same tv ad spot plays over and over
>>> again (in fact this happens, and I'm sure we all find it annoying).
>>>
>>> To sum up, while f-capping can sometimes increase ROI for advertisers
>>> (it's not necessarily always true), it is most often contractually
>>> obligated (per the Insertion Order).  The primary motivation for
>>> f-capping is to not annoy the user with repeated serving of the same ad
>>> creative during a time period.  In my experience, the vast majority of
>>> f-capping is  set at 1:24 or 2:24, etc. (restricting the showing of a
>>> particular ad creative, 1 time in 24-hours, or 2-times in 24-hours).
>>>
>>> I hope this helps clarify the motivation for f-capping and leads to
>>> mutual appreciation for the need.
>>>
>>> Kind Regards,
>>>
>>> Chris
>>>
>>> Chris Mejia | Digital Supply Chain Solutions | Ad Technology Group |
>>> Interactive Advertising Bureau - IAB
>>>
>>>
>>> From: Jonathan Mayer<jmayer@stanford.edu<mailto:jmayer@stanford.edu>>
>>> Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2012 14:26:12 -0700
>>> To: David Wainberg - NAI
>>> <david@networkadvertising.org<mailto:david@networkadvertising.org>>
>>> Cc: W3C DNT Working Group Mailing List
>>> <public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>>
>>> Subject: Re: Frequency Capping
>>> Resent-From: W3C DNT Working Group Mailing List
>>> <public-tracking@w3.org<mailto:public-tracking@w3.org>>
>>> Resent-Date: Tue, 10 Jul 2012 21:26:46 +0000
>>>
>>> I'd sure like to hear more from advertising industry participants about
>>> how frequency capping integrates into advertisement selection.  The
>>> AppNexus approach, if I read correctly, goes roughly as follows:
>>>
>>> 1) Begin with the set of all campaigns.
>>>
>>> 2) Filter by targeting criteria.
>>>
>>> 3) Filter by frequency capping.
>>>
>>> 4) Assign an expected revenue to each campaign.
>>>
>>> 5) Select the campaign with greatest expected revenue.
>>>
>>> The approach includes testing the frequency cap of every campaign that
>>> matches targeting criteria.  What about, instead, only testing the cap
>>> for a subset of those campaigns:
>>>
>>> 1) Begin with the set of all campaigns.
>>>
>>> 2) Filter by targeting criteria.
>>>
>>> 3) Assign an expected revenue to each campaign.
>>>
>>> 4) Select the n campaigns with greatest expected revenue.
>>>
>>> 5) Filter by frequency capping.
>>>
>>> 6) Select the campaign with greatest expected revenue.
>>>
>>> Some relevant empirical questions include: How often are the highest
>>> revenue campaigns frequency capped?  How well can an ad company predict
>>> which high-revenue campaigns will and won't be frequency capped?
>>>
>>> Jonathan
>>>
>>>
>>> On Monday, July 9, 2012 at 11:34 AM, David Wainberg wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi All,
>>>
>>> In case you haven't seen it already, I recommend Prof. Felten's excellent
>>> blog on "Privacy by Design: Frequency Capping." Please also read Brian
>>> O'Kelley's post in the comment section explaining what he sees as the
>>> technical hurdles for these alternative frequency capping methods. (I may
>>> be wrong, but I think Brian is a former student of Prof. Felten.) This
>>> kind of detailed technical discussion of these proposals seems very
>>> helpful. First, it helps us set reasonable expectations on all sides.
>>> Second, and more interesting to me, is that maybe we can have more
>>> discussion and collaboration on bringing these sorts of things to
>>> production.
>>>
>>> http://techatftc.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/privacy-by-design-frequency-capp
>>> ing/
>>>
>>> -David
>>>
>>>
>>>
>