abstract vs concrete concepts. upper ontolologies

To understand why, in trying to capture the Knowledge Representation
domain, which can be so elusive
we start with upper/top level ontologies,

There is a distinction between abstract vs concrete concepts

The majority of words in English *check the other languages? *estimated
around 70 percent, refer to abstract concepts
These cannot be represented visually
Yet, these abstract concepts convey essential meaning and semantics for
concrete terms
abstraction is essential to intelligent reasoning

Upper Ontologies represent abstract categories require to add semantic
dimensions to concrete terms and concepts
PDM


1. Existence and Reality

being / nonbeing

existence / inexistence

possibility / necessity

actuality / potentiality

________________________________

2. Time

duration

moment / instant

past / present / future

frequency

continuity / interruption

________________________________

3. Space and Place

position / location

distance / proximity

direction

extent / limit

movement through space

________________________________

4. Quantity and Measurement

number

magnitude

degree

proportion

comparison