Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)

On 09/07/2016 04:39, Simon.Cox@csiro.au wrote:
>>  where the UCUM string doesn’t reflect common practice in notation
> (note that it is limited to the 7-bit ASCII character set)
>
> Not quite. UCUM provides 3 alternatives:
>
> (i)Case insensitive 7-bit asci
>
> (ii)Case-sensitive 7-bit asci
>
> (iii)Full symbol.

Just to note that this can be clearly seen in the XML-encoded UCUM code 
list:

http://unitsofmeasure.org/ucum-essence.xml

Andrea

> Simon
>
> *From:*Jon Blower [mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk]
> *Sent:* Friday, 8 July 2016 11:49 PM
> *To:* Rob Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au>; Clemens Portele
> <portele@interactive-instruments.de>; m.riechert@reading.ac.uk;
> public-sdw-wg@w3.org; Cox, Simon (L&W, Clayton) <Simon.Cox@csiro.au>;
> Linda van den Brink <l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl>
> *Subject:* Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
> Hi Rob,
>
> Ø so we started this with people talking about the need for a full
> description, then the use URIs, now a proposal for a label only....
>
> Do you mean “label” in the sense of “human-readable only”? If so, I
> don’t recall seeing such a proposal. In case it’s not clear from
> previous posts, the UCUM string is a full **machine-readable**
> description of the unit, with a defined grammar. Do you believe that
> this is a “non-interoperable practice”, and if so can you elaborate?
> What information is missing?
>
> By the way, there might be valid reasons for using a human-readable
> label **in addition to** the UCUM string, in cases where the UCUM string
> doesn’t reflect common practice in notation (note that it is limited to
> the 7-bit ASCII character set). So having both a label a symbol might be
> considered good practice, and they will often be identical in
> representation.
>
> Jon
>
> *From: *Rob Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au
> <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>
> *Date: *Friday, 8 July 2016 13:03
> *To: *Clemens Portele <portele@interactive-instruments.de
> <mailto:portele@interactive-instruments.de>>, Maik Riechert
> <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>,
> "public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>"
> <public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>, Rob Atkinson
> <rob@metalinkage.com.au <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>, Jon Blower
> <sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk <mailto:sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk>>,
> "Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>" <simon.cox@csiro.au
> <mailto:simon.cox@csiro.au>>, Linda van den Brink
> <l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl <mailto:l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl>>
> *Subject: *Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
> OK...
>
>   so we started this with people talking about the need for a full
> description, then the use URIs, now a proposal for a label only....
>
> It appears the consensus is also that there is no identifiable good
> practice, against the range of requirements, let alone a "best" one.
>
> So, do we seek to demonstrate how to apply the broader set of best
> practices, or stay silent on the issue of how to provide further
> information about a particular piece of information (which is what a UoM
> specifier is IMHO).
>
> One can argue this is not a spatial problem, and therefore we cant be
> held to blame for non-interoperable practices proliferating.
>
> OTOH it is necessary to have a treatment of UoM if we are to have a
> useful BP for the coverages and SSN cases, and its a key use case for
> the Time ontology.
>
> On Fri, 8 Jul 2016 at 20:49 Clemens Portele
> <portele@interactive-instruments.de
> <mailto:portele@interactive-instruments.de>> wrote:
>
>     I agree, too.
>
>     It also reflects the experience we have made in GML. In earlier
>     versions of GML we required that every unit is the URI of a unit
>     definition. However, what happened in practice was that many were
>     using symbols like "m" instead of a URI anyway as they are shorter
>     and often better understood (compared to
>     http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/EPSG/0/9001). Therefore we changed
>     this in GML 3.2 to allow symbols, too.
>
>     Often UCUM is used for the symbols as it seemed to be the best
>     formalism reflecting the use of symbols in an XML attribute, but
>     this is not a requirement as it was unclear whether this is suitable
>     for all cases (for most cases it is) and because the UCUM long-term
>     governance was unclear and we did not feel comfortable to make this
>     a normative reference.
>
>     We added the following note: "It is recommended that the symbol be
>     an identifier for a unit of measure as specified in the 'Unified
>     Code of Units of Measure' (UCUM)
>     (http://aurora.regenstrief.org/UCUM). This provides a set of symbols
>     and a grammar for constructing identifiers for units of measure that
>     are unique, and may be easily entered with a keyboard supporting the
>     limited character set known as 7-bit ASCII. ISO 2955 formerly
>     provided a specification with this scope, but was withdrawn in 2001.
>     UCUM largely follows ISO 2955 with modifications to remove
>     ambiguities and other problems."
>
>     Best regards,
>
>     Clemens
>
>     PS: The URL http://aurora.regenstrief.org/UCUM no longer works
>     (talking about governance).
>
>     On 8. Juli 2016 at 10:53:26, Linda van den Brink
>     (l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl <mailto:l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl>) wrote:
>
>         +1 to Jon’s understanding of “best practice”
>
>         Does someone have an example of UCUM? I haven’t come across it
>         before.
>
>         *Van:*Jon Blower [mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk
>         <mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk>]
>         *Verzonden:* vrijdag 8 juli 2016 10:50
>         *Aan:* Rob Atkinson; Linda van den Brink; Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>         <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>; m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>         <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>; public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>         <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>
>         *Onderwerp:* Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>         ØI think however that this is another example where no practice
>         could be recommended that does not include model/profile negotiation
>
>         Does a BP really need to be as complicated as this? My
>         understanding of “best practice” is “the best we can
>         realistically do at the moment”, not imagining an idealised
>         scenario that still needs a lot of thinking and discussion.
>
>         As an application developer, all I really need is a unit string,
>         plus some information about how to interpret that string (e.g.
>         an indication that the string is derived from the UCUM or
>         UDUNITS grammar). A URI for the unit can also work in simple
>         cases, but in the case of a complex unit I’d much rather have
>         the UCUM string. Maybe the QUDT ontology is useful, but
>         personally I’m struggling to think of a practical use case where
>         I’d want to use this ontology for any kind of reasoning.
>
>         If we really want to propose some new approach, I’d like to see
>         the BP explicitly separate “current best practice” from “what
>         could be possible in future”, otherwise the BP document isn’t as
>         helpful as it could be for practitioners.
>
>         Cheers,
>         Jon
>
>         *From: *Rob Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>         <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>
>         *Date: *Thursday, 7 July 2016 22:56
>         *To: *Linda van den Brink <l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl
>         <mailto:l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl>>, Rob Atkinson
>         <rob@metalinkage.com.au <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>, Jon
>         Blower <sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk <mailto:sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk>>,
>         "Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>"
>         <Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>>, Maik Riechert
>         <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>,
>         "public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>"
>         <public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>         *Subject: *Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>         I'll put the conversation into this format. I'll put some
>         placeholders for volunteers to put in worked examples of what
>         they think are BP implementations and important and illustrative
>         exemplar cases.
>
>         I think however that this is another example where no practice
>         could be recommended that does not include model/profile
>         negotiation (distinct from content-negotation which has been
>         given a very narrow scope).  The reason is that there is no
>         perfect, well governed and agreed model or list of possible
>         units (two separate requirements) and that both need to co-exist
>         - so any practice has to build in the mechanism to either
>         migrate to  an emerging standard or to allow support for
>         multiple competing solutions.
>
>         Or put it another way - all the incredibly hard problems around
>         different UoM systems and finding a BP recomendation are
>         simplified by a BP that allows for content models. If we are
>         going to have a general statement about this in the wider BP,
>         the UoM case can reference it. We dont need to overspecify the
>         mechanism here - but warning people that such a capability is a
>         longer term requirement can usefully guide implementation.
>
>         Rob
>
>         On Fri, 8 Jul 2016 at 00:14 Linda van den Brink
>         <l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl <mailto:l.vandenbrink@geonovum.nl>>
>         wrote:
>
>             Hi – just trying to get through the SDW email.
>
>             When I apply the template we use in the BP it would be like
>             this:
>
>             Name of the BP: **Use a URI identifier for UoM** (or a bit
>             better worded)
>
>             **why** … a problem description I could probably get
>             somewhere from this thread
>
>             **Intended Outcome** data user can look up the URI and get
>             information about  the UoM
>
>             **possible approach to implementation** recommended
>             representations include QUDT, SKOS, UCUM, OWL-class?, any
>             standard relevant to the community of practice.
>
>             I would very much appreciate it if starters of threads would
>             make summaries like the above…
>
>             Content negotiation is a neat subject but not specific to
>             spatial.. I don’t think we should tackle this problem in the
>             BP, or am I missing something?.
>
>             *Van:*Rob Atkinson [mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au
>             <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>]
>             *Verzonden:* dinsdag 5 juli 2016 00:33
>             *Aan:* Jon Blower; Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>             <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>; rob@metalinkage.com.au
>             <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>; m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>             <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>; public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>             <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>
>             *Onderwerp:* Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>             Thanks for the insights Simon.
>
>             It will take some care to turn this into a best practice
>             recipe that doesnt get broken immediately IMHO.
>
>             We can get out of jail from an engineering perspective by
>             saying you should use a URI identifier for UoM that allows
>             content-negotiation to access one or more representations.
>
>             Recommended representations include:
>
>             1) QUDT structural description
>
>             2) SKOS as a canonical means to describe labels and provide
>             links to alternative codes
>
>             3) UCUM specification if relevant for the UoM
>
>             4) OWL-class ?
>
>             4) Any representations defined by standards organisations
>             relevant to the community of practice
>
>             (Content negotiation can be driven by MIME-type in headers
>             or by explicit view parameters - need a separate BP around
>             this that encompasses the UK and other LDA examples - its a
>             pattern that generally allows us to take on a de-facto
>             option and migrate to a de jure standard when it evolves -
>             which we see as the most common pattern just about
>             everywhere.  We also either need to specify a set of views
>             and their corresponding OWL models , or a way to bind any
>             view to its relevant OWL model in a general way )
>
>             We can further recommend the UCUM URI structure.
>
>             If necessary we can deploy such representations - I dont
>             mind taking on the deploying using the URI redirection
>             machinery I have deployed at resources.opengeospatial.org
>             <http://resources.opengeospatial.org>. Would prefer someone
>             to provide some endorsed representations - HTML, JSON-LD,
>             RDF  - for QUDT, SKOS and OWL-class.
>
>             Minimum would be for some examples (simple, derived-with
>             UCUM equiv, derived-without UCUM equiv). A complete set
>             would be just as easy to deploy.
>
>             On Mon, 4 Jul 2016 at 19:23 Jon Blower
>             <j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk <mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk>>
>             wrote:
>
>                 ØIdeally we would have a reliable set of URIs for UOMs
>                 which could leverage the UCUM algorithm to build the
>                 URI, and which would resolve to a QUDT-based
>                 representation of the unit of measure.
>
>                 +1
>
>                 Is it possible to use the UCUM symbol for the UoM the
>                 URI suffix? Or are there problems like
>                 character-encoding issues?
>
>                 Cheers,
>                 Jon
>
>                 *From: *"Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>"
>                 <Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>>
>                 *Date: *Monday, 4 July 2016 01:13
>                 *To: *"rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                 <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>" <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                 <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>, Jon Blower
>                 <sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk
>                 <mailto:sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk>>, Maik Riechert
>                 <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                 <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>,
>                 "public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>"
>                 <public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>                 *Subject: *RE: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>                 Lets be clear about what QUDT and UCUM actually offer.
>
>                 QUDT -
>
>                 ·primarily provides a model for descriptions of units of
>                 measure, and of quantity-kinds (a.k.a. qualities, or
>                 “observable properties”); the model is formalized using
>                 OWL, and thus provides an RDF-based syntax for
>                 description of a uom or a quantity-kind
>
>                 ·also provides some lists (called ‘vocabularies’) of
>                 individual unit- and quantity-kind- descriptions, but
>                 which is very idiosyncratic and incomplete (includes a
>                 whole bunch of currencies!)
>
>                 ·there are no rules for how the labels or symbols for
>                 units are built in the QUDT vocabularies; they are not
>                 aligned with the ISO or SI standards (e.g. the label for
>                 the unit of length is spelled ‘Meter’, and the symbol
>                 for the unit of temperature is ‘degC’), capitalization
>                 is inconsistent, and use of non-asci character set is
>                 variable
>
>                 ·the maintenance arrangements for QUDT are private
>                 (TopQuadrant +  NASA) and the publication arrangements
>                 are flaky (QUDT v2.0 has been ‘on the way’ for about 3
>                 years, and even though it is linked the qudt.org
>                 <http://qudt.org> website, it has been 404 for over a
>                 year).
>
>                 UCUM –
>
>                 ·Focuses on a rule for how to generate a symbol for a
>                 ‘derived uom’
>
>                 ·uses a rigorous algorithm based on a theory of
>                 quantities and dimensional analysis, which starts from
>                 any base set of units in a rational system (SI, MKS,
>                 cgs, even pounds-feet-seconds if you want!)
>
>                 ·UCUM provides a base set of symbols corresponding
>                 essentially with SI, plus symbols for the standard power
>                 of ten prefixes (micro/milli/kilo/mega etc). The base
>                 set has some fudging to get around the anomaly that the
>                 SI base unit for mass (kg) already has a power-of-ten
>                 prefix built in.
>
>                 ·The algorithm and base set of symbols is such that
>                 symbols generated following UCUM are aligned with
>                 conventional usage, and with ISO 1000
>
>                 · There is some additional notation using {} and [] to
>                 allow for annotations and ‘conventional’ units, which I
>                 always get confused about.
>
>                 My assessment is that the QUDT Ontology v1.1 is good
>                 enough, (I was on an Ontolog telecon with Pat Hayes,
>                 Ralph Hodgson, Gary Berg-Cross a couple of years ago
>                 where that was the clear consensus) but the QUDT
>                 vocabularies are not. So we need another set of URIs
>                 denoting uoms, with the expectation that dereferencing
>                 one of these would result in a QUDT-based representation.
>
>                 Ideally we would have a reliable set of URIs for UOMs
>                 which could leverage the UCUM algorithm to build the
>                 URI, and which would resolve to a QUDT-based
>                 representation of the unit of measure. These
>                 representations should be built on-the-fly using the
>                 UCUM engine.
>
>                 Note that, using QUDT, a uom description is an OWL
>                 _/individual/_ (not a class), but with complete
>                 semantics, still supporting some reasoning. Rob – going
>                 with individuals doesn’t mean you have to us SKOS and
>                 certainly doesn’t lose semantic precision -  probably
>                 best not to casually suggest that!
>
>                 Simon
>
>                 *From:*Rob Atkinson [mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                 <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>]
>                 *Sent:* Saturday, 2 July 2016 1:32 PM
>                 *To:* Jon Blower <j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk
>                 <mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk>>; Rob Atkinson
>                 <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                 <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>; Cox, Simon (L&W,
>                 Clayton) <Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>                 <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>>; m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                 <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>; public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>                 <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>
>                 *Subject:* Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>                 Hi Jon
>
>                 The encoding scheme issue raises a duality between class
>                 and instance - any UoM could be expressed as as either
>                 an instance (with SKOS encoding as a natural default) or
>                 a Class - RDFS or OWL being the default options. In
>                 addition a meta-model of UoM could be defined in RDFS or
>                 OWL and used to drive encodings of instances.
>
>                 Personally, I think that in the Web we should specify
>                 that a URI is used if one is available - and that an
>                 encoding of its details may be used as annotation. In
>                 the case of an "anonymous" UoM, then the encoding will
>                 still probably need to reference base units using URIs.
>
>                 The wrinkles are whether URIs are explicit, or encoded
>                 as items in a namespace - and whether any encoding
>                 scheme (model) may be used or one is recommended, and if
>                 the model itself needs to be explicitly referenced
>                 (presumably this applies to JSON-LD, RDFA etc as RDF
>                 will always use URIs to specify the model elements anyways.
>
>                 A worked example set with:
>
>                 1) just URI from a well-known vocabulary (UCUM)
>
>                 2) A encoded UoM with one URI, and a simple label
>
>                 3) ditto, with a more complex set of details
>
>                 4) ditto with more that one URI (e.g. UCUM and QUDT)
>
>                 5) a blank/anonymous encoded UoM with base measures.
>
>                 Would we go so far as to recommend QUDT as the
>                 meta-model (as per example provided?) - or simply list a
>                 few in use and provide a couple of examples?
>
>                 This will cover the "follow-your-nose" cases - however
>                 there is the case of a data encoding where the UoM is
>                 specified in metadata. The question here then is
>                 defining a BP for this metadata.
>
>                 One option - we can use RDF-QB to define data structures
>                 and relevant UoM. I'm not sure there is an obvious
>                 alternative to ad-hoc metadata models and UoM specified
>                 any non-interoperable way that emerges.
>
>                 This option then speaks directly to the coverages
>                 metadata perspective (encoding of data using RD-QB
>                 becomes a trivial case - we simply state that if RDF
>                 encoding, then BP would be to use RDF-QB encoding
>                 consistent with the RDF-QB metadata for the set, and the
>                 interesting and more generally useful case is describing
>                 an existing or compact encoding usefully)
>
>                 Rob
>
>                 On Sat, 2 Jul 2016 at 02:20 Jon Blower
>                 <j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk
>                 <mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk>> wrote:
>
>                     Hi Rob – yes, I think those are the missing bits,
>                     but, just to reiterate, it may not be (just) a
>                     “vocabulary” that we need (in the sense of a set of
>                     URIs), but a serialisation scheme for any unit.
>
>                     For concrete examples, we should look at where we
>                     need to use units. I think we have:
>
>                     1.As part of coordinate systems and coordinate
>                     reference systems
>
>                     2.As part of measured quantities (e.g. the range of
>                     a coverage), linked to observed properties etc
>
>                     3.…
>
>                     My last paragraph wasn’t very clear, sorry. I was
>                     trying to say that the different uses (coordinate
>                     systems, observed properties) might actually have
>                     different best practices in terms of the encoding of
>                     their units. We could feasibly decide that
>                     coordinate system units are best expressed as URIs,
>                     but the units of observed properties are better
>                     expressed as strings in a named serialisation scheme
>                     (like UCUM). Maybe, I don’t know – just raising the
>                     possibility.
>
>                     Cheers,
>                     Jon
>
>                     *From: *Rob Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                     <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>
>                     *Date: *Friday, 1 July 2016 14:39
>                     *To: *Jon Blower <sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk
>                     <mailto:sgs02jdb@reading.ac.uk>>, Rob Atkinson
>                     <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                     <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>,
>                     "Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>"
>                     <Simon.Cox@csiro.au <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>>,
>                     Maik Riechert <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                     <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>,
>                     "public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>"
>                     <public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>
>
>                     *Subject: *Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages,
>                     SSN,Time?)
>
>                     This is the type of recommendation i think we need.
>                     Lets refine... the missing bits are:
>                     1 guidance on what vocabulary.. even noting that
>                     different communities use different ones and naming
>                     them is a help.
>                     2 provision of mappings if you want to interoperate
>                     across community choice here.. do you embed multiple
>                     uris, or provide sone sort of sameAs service?
>                     3 concrete examples
>
>                     I dont quite follow the final paragraph and the
>                     implications for what the encoding would look like?
>
>                     Rob
>
>                     On Fri, 1 Jul 2016 11:12 am Jon Blower
>                     <j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk
>                     <mailto:j.d.blower@reading.ac.uk>> wrote:
>
>                         Just to add a little to this – units of measure
>                         are very tricky in general. The overall
>                         requirement, I think, is to have an unambiguous
>                         serialisation scheme for units, including both
>                         base units (the easy cases) and the infinite
>                         number of derived units (the hard cases) – that
>                         is to say, a spec for serialising units to ASCII
>                         strings. This allows clients to convert between
>                         units, which is a primary use case for having
>                         “strongly typed” units.
>
>                         In terms of serialisations, I’m aware of UCUM
>                         and UDUNITS (the latter is used extensively in
>                         climate/met/ocean and is connected with CF). I
>                         don’t think either are perfect in terms of
>                         governance, and I’m not even sure that UDUNITS
>                         has a formal spec.
>
>                         Then there are URIs. QUDT has URIs for a lot of
>                         base and derived units, but it can’t possibly
>                         have them all, hence the need for a scheme that
>                         allows any unit to be serialised. So there will
>                         always be gaps, but I note that QUDT covers a
>                         lot of the common cases I can think of – so it’s
>                         not clear to me how important the gaps are.
>
>                         Typical clients will just want to display the
>                         symbol for the unit, so we should make sure
>                         that, if we use URIs, we also transmit the
>                         symbol, as I doubt that a typical web client
>                         will want to resolve the URI and look up the
>                         symbol. This is effectively what Maik is doing,
>                         by transmitting the symbol plus a URI for the
>                         unit **scheme** rather than a URI for the unit
>                         itself.
>
>                         (Question – does QUDT use UCUM as a means of
>                         generating the unit symbol?)
>
>                         There are a few tricky cases in science – e.g.
>                         salinity, which strictly has no units and is a
>                         very weird kind of quantity – and sometimes
>                         these tricky cases lead to poor practice in real
>                         data files – i.e. expressing units incorrectly
>                         or inconsistently. (and of course, poor practice
>                         can happen in real-world data files anywhere).
>
>                         I think an overall BP recommendation would be:
>
>                         1.Express units unambiguously if possible, using
>                         a named unit serialisation scheme or URI.
>
>                         2.Give the unit symbol, and perhaps a longer
>                         explanatory text string (e.g. a rdfs:label), to
>                         help simple clients understand the unit, even if
>                         they don’t want to resolve the full unit
>                         description.
>
>                         3.Also allow users to record “ad hoc” unit
>                         strings for fallback cases that don’t fit well
>                         with existing serialisation or URI schemes,
>                         making it clear that these are not really
>                         machine-understandable
>
>                         There may be cases where we can refine this
>                         further depending on the use case. For example,
>                         in CRS definitions, which tend to use simple
>                         units, it’s probably desirable to use well-known
>                         URIs to represent units. For recording the units
>                         of a measured quantity (e.g. the range of the
>                         coverage), I like methods like the one Maik
>                         suggested, as this maps more neatly to common
>                         practice in my community.
>
>                         Cheers,
>
>                         Jon
>
>                         *From: *Rob Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                         <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>
>                         *Date: *Friday, 1 July 2016 08:46
>                         *To: *"Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>                         <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>" <Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>                         <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>>,
>                         "rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                         <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>"
>                         <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                         <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>, Maik Riechert
>                         <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                         <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>,
>                         "public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>                         <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>"
>                         <public-sdw-wg@w3.org <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>
>
>                         *Subject: *Re: Units of Measure (BP, Coverages,
>                         SSN,Time?)
>
>                         *Resent-From: *<public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>                         <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>                         *Resent-Date: *Friday, 1 July 2016 08:47
>
>                         Perfect Simon - thanks.
>
>                         Its not that obvious trawling the docs what the
>                         pragmatic aspects are.
>
>                         So I would suggest then that a BP endorsed by
>                         OGC would have a minimum requirement that a
>                         mapping to UCUM is provided for any vocabulary
>                         used for UoM, to provide for compatibility with
>                         existing recommendations (can we call these BP?)
>
>                         If it helps I could set up a OGC resource for
>                         UCUM - with redirects for specific terms -
>                         instead of to the containing spec (thats the way
>                         UCUM works) - or to a SKOS resource with
>                         skos:exactMatch relationships to the UCUM
>                         terms.  I can also deploy a crosswalk to UCUM
>                         from another UoM vocab if we decide to recommend
>                         it.
>
>                         The onoging governance of such a resource in the
>                         context of the BP can be taken up as a action
>                         from the SDW to the OGC (what is the appropriate
>                         point of contact here? NA, OAB, TC, PC?)
>
>                         Rob
>
>                         On Fri, 1 Jul 2016 at 16:10 <Simon.Cox@csiro.au
>                         <mailto:Simon.Cox@csiro.au>> wrote:
>
>                             ØIf OGC has adopted UCUM as a BP (can
>                             someone make a definitive statement on this …
>
>                             OGC’s endorsement of UCUM comes from
>
>                             1.It is recommended in WMS [1]
>
>                             2.Ditto GML [2]
>
>                             3.There is a branch of the
>                             www.opengis.net/def/
>                             <http://www.opengis.net/def/>URI set for
>                             UCUM -
>                             http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/but just
>                             redirects to the UCUM spec [3]
>
>                             But that is purely pragmatic, as it seemed
>                             to be the best thing around at the time.
>
>                             It has a fragile governance arrangement, and
>                             URIs are not de-referenceable.
>
>                             [1]
>                             http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wmsversion
>                             1.3 clause C.2.
>
>                             [2]
>                             http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml
>                             v3.2.1 clause 8.2.3.6
>                             <http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml%20v3.2.1%20clause%208.2.3.6>
>
>                             [3] http://unitsofmeasure.org/ucum.html
>
>                             *From:*Rob Atkinson
>                             [mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                             <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>]
>                             *Sent:* Friday, 1 July 2016 1:46 AM
>                             *To:* Maik Riechert
>                             <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                             <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>>; Rob
>                             Atkinson <rob@metalinkage.com.au
>                             <mailto:rob@metalinkage.com.au>>; SDW WG
>                             Public List <public-sdw-wg@w3.org
>                             <mailto:public-sdw-wg@w3.org>>
>                             *Subject:* Re: Units of Measure (BP,
>                             Coverages, SSN,Time?)
>
>                             Thanks Maik,
>
>                             If i read this right, this example assumes
>                             the client understands qudt - then uses the
>                             semantics of qudt:symbol to map instances
>                             (Cel)  in another namespace to this.  UCUM
>                             uses
>                             http://purl.oclc.org/NET/muo/ucum/unit/temperature/degree-Celsius as
>                             the id - but the information to map to that
>                             is not present. Is "Cel" just a dummy
>                             example - would you actually want to say
>                             "degree-Celsius" - and in turn want the OGC
>                             redirect to respect that and redirect
>
>                             http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/degree-Celsius to
>                             http://purl.oclc.org/NET/muo/ucum/unit/temperature/degree-Celsius?
>
>                             What about the original assumption of using
>                             QUDT - why not use UCUM or another in the
>                             first instance. Coming from the outside and
>                             trying to identify a best practice, what
>                             exactly is this example saying?
>
>                             If OGC has adopted UCUM as a BP (can someone
>                             make a definitive statement on this - it
>                             should be present in the BP when we talk
>                             about vocabulary re-use - a list of
>                             vocabularies in use in the OGC space) then
>                             we should start with that perhaps? If we are
>                             saying the BP requirement is to allow an
>                             emerging body of QUDT usage to interoperate
>                             then we need perhaps to recommend publishing
>                             the mappings as a resource - whatever we
>                             think is BP we need to communicate clearly
>                             to the average user who wont have years of
>                             exposure to the history and details to draw
>                             on - and will most likely simply want to
>                             maximise interoperability of a few cases.
>
>                             Cheers
>
>                             Rob
>
>                             On Fri, 1 Jul 2016 at 01:00 Maik Riechert
>                             <m.riechert@reading.ac.uk
>                             <mailto:m.riechert@reading.ac.uk>> wrote:
>
>                                 Hi Rob,
>
>                                 I just wanted to throw in a slightly
>                                 different/complementary view on this.
>
>                                 While it is useful to have URIs for any
>                                 kind of unit, I think it is even more
>                                 useful to have a symbolic coding in a
>                                 certain coding scheme for those units,
>                                 because then clients with support for
>                                 that scheme can easily parse the unit,
>                                 and transform it and the associated
>                                 numbers. One scheme example is UCUM
>                                 (http://unitsofmeasure.org/ucum.html).
>                                 OGC gave it a URI as well:
>                                 http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/
>
>                                 In my opinion you would have something
>                                 like that (JSON-LD):
>
>                                 {
>                                    "@context": {
>                                      "rdf":
>                                 "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
>                                 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns>,
>                                      "qudt":
>                                 "http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#"
>                                 <http://qudt.org/schema/qudt>,
>                                      "skos":
>                                 "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
>                                 <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core>
>                                    },
>                                    "rdf:value": 27.5, // for example
>                                 purposes only
>                                    "qudt:unit": {
>                                      "@id": "qudt:DegreeCelsius",
>                                      "skos:prefLabel": { "en": "Degree
>                                 Celsius" },
>                                      "qudt:symbol": {
>                                        "@type":
>                                 "http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/"
>                                 <http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/>,
>                                        "@value": "Cel"
>                                      }
>                                    }
>                                 }
>
>                                 So the main point is that the value of
>                                 "qudt:symbol" has a custom data type, in
>                                 this case
>                                 http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/UCUM/.
>
>                                 Cheers
>
>
>                                 Maik
>
>                                 Am 30.06.2016 um 15:14 schrieb Rob Atkinson:
>
>                                     Hi,
>
>                                     I'm looking into the BP aspects
>                                     around defining data dimensions as a
>                                     framework for evaluating and
>                                     contributing to various SDW threads.
>                                     One which seems to cut across, but I
>                                     havent seen an explicit treatment of
>                                     the UoM problem. I know I may have
>                                     missed previous conversatiosn - but
>                                     I dont see any treatment in the
>                                     current reviewable docs.
>
>                                     Specifically, if I was to follow the
>                                     W3C Data on the Web Best Practices I
>                                     would be led via BP #2
>
>                                     "To express frequency of update an
>                                     instance from the Content-Oriented
>                                     Guidelines developed as part of the
>                                     W3C Data Cube Vocabulary efforts was
>                                     used."
>
>                                     to this statement:
>
>                                     "To express the value of this
>                                     attribute we would typically use a
>                                     common thesaurus of units of
>                                     measure. For the sake of this simple
>                                     example we will use the DBpedia
>                                     resource
>                                     http://dbpedia.org/resource/Yearwhich corresponds
>                                     to the topic of the Wikipedia page
>                                     on "Years".
>
>                                     If we have a Time ontology - surely
>                                     we would be pointing to that as a
>                                     recommendation for temporal units of
>                                     measure.
>
>                                     Likewise, i would have thought that
>                                     OGC would have an interest in
>                                     binding CRS with their in built
>                                     units of measure to spatial dimensions.
>
>                                     One could argue that without
>                                     interoperability at this level there
>                                     is a question why the OGC would have
>                                     any involvement in Web standards -
>                                     but if there is a counter-argument
>                                     then I feel this needs to be
>                                     front-and-centre of the BP to
>                                     explain to a potential user what
>                                     they can expect, and where they are
>                                     going to be left with making all the
>                                     significant decisions.
>
>                                     If we have Time and CRS UoM, then we
>                                     may be able to get away with not
>                                     specifiying a vocabulary for other
>                                     UoM for measurements. Are there any
>                                     obvious dimensions that need UoM
>                                     vocabularies?
>
>                                     When I specify O&M profiles, (my
>                                     driving use case), I'll need to
>                                     specify the UoM for measurements -
>                                     is there any recommendation
>                                     regarding which vocabulary to
>                                     choose?   And for CRS based dimensions?
>
>                                     Rob Atkinson
>

-- 
Andrea Perego, Ph.D.
Scientific / Technical Project Officer
European Commission DG JRC
Directorate B - Growth and Innovation
Unit B6 - Digital Economy
Via E. Fermi, 2749 - TP 262
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Received on Saturday, 9 July 2016 15:31:27 UTC