Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) 1.0 Guide

W3C Editor's Draft 16 September 2009

This version:: http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/EARL10/ED-EARL10-Guide-20090916
Latest internal version:: http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/EARL10-Guide/
Previous published version:: Not Applicable
Previous internal version:: http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/EARL10/ED-EARL10-Guide-20090911
Editors:: Carlos A Velasco, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT; Johannes Koch, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT

Abstract

This document is an introductory guide to the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) 1.0. EARL is a vocabulary, the terms of which are defined across a set of specifications and technical notes, that is used to describe test results. The primary motivation for developing this vocabulary is to facilitate the exchange of test results between Web accessibility evaluation tools in a vendor-neutral and platform-independent format. It also provides reusable terms for generic quality assurance and validation purposes.

Status of this document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This 23 July 2009 First Public Working Draft of the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) 1.0 Guide provides an introduction to EARL, describes the motivations and use cases, and explains the use of the different terms and documents of the EARL specification. It is a complete resource with different working examples, and it implements the decisions of the Evaluation and Repair Tools Working Group (ERT WG) at its face to face meeting in November 2008. This document is intended to be published and maintained as a W3C Working Group Note after review and refinement.

The Evaluation and Repair Tools Working Group (ERT WG) encourages feedback about this document, Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) 1.0 Guide, by developers and researchers who have interest in software-supported evaluation and validation of Web sites and by developers and researchers who have interest in Semantic Web technologies for content description, annotation, and adaptation. In particular, the Working Group is looking for feedback on how well the document serves as an introductory resource for developers who are new to EARL, how well it explains the basic concepts and uses of EARL, and on suggestions for adding or refining the examples.

Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

Appendices

1 Introduction

This document is an introductory guide to the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) 1.0 and is intended to accompany the normative document Evaluation and Report Language 1.0 Schema [EARL-Schema] and its related specification and technical notes. The Evaluation and Report Language is a vocabulary, the terms of which are defined across a set of specifications and technical notes, that is used to describe test results. This set of specifications includes the EARL Schema, HTTP Vocabulary in RDF [HTTP-RDF], Representing Content in RDF [Content-RDF] and Pointer Methods in RDF [Pointers-RDF].

The primary audience of this document includes developers of quality assurance and testing tools such as accessibility checkers, markup validators, etc. Additionally, we expect that EARL can support accessibility and usability advocates, metadata experts and Semantic Web practitioners among others. We do not assume any previous knowledge of EARL, but it is not the purpose of this document to introduce the reader to the intricacies of RDF and, therefore, the following background knowledge is required:

Although the concepts of the Semantic Web are rather straight-forward, their representation using RDF and its various serializations may bring difficulties to beginners [RDF-XML-DIFFS]. It is recommended to read carefully the aforementioned references and other tutorials found on the Web. It must be also borne in mind that RDF is primarily targeted for machine processing and that, therefore, some of its expressions are less intuitive for developers more accustomed to working with only XML.

The document is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the basic concepts of EARL, its target audiences, and some use cases. Section 3 presents a step-by-step introduction to writing an EARL report. Section 4 presents some advanced uses of the vocabulary and how to extend it. Finally, Section 5 presents a summary and some conclusions.

The keywords must, required, recommended, should, may, and optional in this document are used in accordance with RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

2 What is the Evaluation and Report Language?

As mentioned earlier, the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) is a vocabulary used to describe test results. EARL builds on top of the Resource Description Framework [RDF], which is the basis for the Semantic Web. Like any RDF vocabulary, EARL is a collection of statements about resources, each with a subject, a predicate (or verb), and an object. These statements can be serialized in many ways (e.g. RDF/XML or Notation 3, also known as N3). A typical EARL report could contain the following statements (simplifying the notation and not including namespaces):

From these two statements, the main components of a statement or an assertion in an EARL Report are evident:

This structure shows the universal applicability of EARL and its ability to refer to any type of test: bug reports, software unit tests, test suite evaluations, conformance claims, or even tests outside the world of software and the World Wide Web (although in such cases, there may be issues regarding its full applicability). It must be stressed again the semantic nature of EARL: its purpose is to facilitate the extraction and comparison of test results by humans and especially by tools (the Semantic Web paradigm); it is not an application optimized for information storage, for which some other XML applications might be more suitable.

EARL was envisaged as a way to create, merge, and compare Web accessibility reports from different sources (tools, Quality Assurance engineers, testers, etc.). However, it became quickly clear its potential to cover wider testing scenarios.

The extensibility of RDF allows tool vendors or developers to provide additional functionality to the vocabulary, without losing any of the aforementioned characteristics. Other testers might ignore the extensions that they do not understand when processing third-party results.

It is also important to consider potential security and privacy issues when using EARL. For instance, test results expressed in EARL could contain sensitive information such as the internal directory structure of a web server, username and password information, parts of restricted Web pages, or testing modalities. The scope of this document is limited to the use of the EARL vocabulary: security and privacy considerations need to be made at the application level. For example, certain parts of the data may be restricted to appropriate user permissions, encrypted or obfuscated.

2.1 Use cases and audience

The applicability of the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL) to different scenarios can be seen in use cases such as the following:

The list of use cases is not limited to the Web. EARL could also be applied to generic Software Quality Assurance processes, where it will be required to map real objects, actors and processes to URIs [URI].

EARL is also flexible enough to respond to the needs of a variety of audiences involved in testing or quality assurance processes. Typical profiles include:

2.2 Fitting EARL to the testing process

In software testing and quality assurance environments, there are several steps that are typically followed:

The previous steps can be matched to existing standards like IEEE 829 [IEEE-829], which defines a set of basic software test documents.

3 An EARL report: basics

EARL is not a standalone vocabulary and builds on top of many existing vocabularies that cover some of its needs for metadata definition. This approach avoids the re-creation of applications already established and tested like the Dublin Core elements. The referenced specifications are:

These vocabularies are referenced via namespaces in the corresponding RDF serialization. The list of the normative namespaces can be found in the EARL 1.0 Schema. RDF can be serialized in many equivalent ways, but its XML presentation [RDF/XML] is the preferred method and will be used throughout this document.

3.1 Basic report components

In the following sections, we will construct an EARL report with several examples of each component of the report. The root element of any EARL report is an RDF node, in which we declare the namespaces used to define additional classes and/or properties.

Example 3.1. The root element of an EARL report [download file for example 3.1].

<rdf:RDF
         xmlns:earl="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#"
         xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
         xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">

    <!-- ... -->

</rdf:RDF>

Next, let us assume that we want to express the results of an XHTML validation in a given document with the W3C HTML Validator. The tested document can be found in the fictitious URL http://example.org/resource/index.html and has the following HTML code:

Example 3.2. An XHTML document to be validated [download file for example 3.2].

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
  <head>
  <title>Example of project pages</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  <h1>Project description</h1>
  <h2>My project name</h2>

    <!-- ... -->
  </body>
</html>

This document has three errors that will constitute the basis of our EARL report:

The first step is to define who performed the test, either a human being or a software tool. This is noted in the EARL framework as an Assertor. Let us consider different use cases. First, let us assume that only the W3C HTML Validator performed the test. This could be expressed as an Assertor:

Example 3.3. A generic tool as an Assertor [download file for example 3.3].

  <earl:Assertor rdf:about="http://validator.w3.org/about.html#">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">W3C HTML Validator</dct:title>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">W3C Markup Validation Service, a
        free service that checks Web documents in formats like HTML
        and XHTML for conformance to W3C Recommendations and other standards.
    </dct:description>
  </earl:Assertor>

Notice that the Assertor class provides a mechanism by which to specify more information by leveraging standard Dublin Core properties like dct:title and dct:description. This is not the only possible serialization of this report. An alternative, expressed in N3, could be:

Example 3.4. An Assertor expressed in N3 notation [download file for example 3.4].

@prefix earl:    <http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#> .
@prefix dct:     <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .

<http://validator.w3.org/about.html#>
      a       earl:Assertor ;
      dct:description """W3C Markup Validation Service, a free service that checks
          Web documents in formats like HTML and XHTML for conformance
          to W3C Recommendations and other standards."""@en ;
      dct:title "W3C HTML Validator"@en .

An Assertor is a generic type. EARL allows the use of certain FOAF classes like Agent, Organisation, or Person to provide more semantic information on the type of assertor. Additionally, EARL defines the Software class to declare tool assertors. Thus, our W3C Validator could be described more adequately in the following way:

Example 3.5. A Software assertor [download file for example 3.5].

  <earl:Software rdf:about="http://validator.w3.org/about.html#">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">W3C HTML Validator</dct:title>
    <dct:hasVersion>0.7.1</dct:hasVersion>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">W3C Markup Validation
      Service, a free service that checks
      Web documents in formats like HTML and XHTML for conformance
      to W3C Recommendations and other standards.</dct:description>
  </earl:Software>

Notice the aditional property, dct:hasVersion, indicating the version of the software. Let us consider now the case where the assertor is a person. This can be expressed as in the following example:

Example 3.6. A Person as an EARL assertor [download file for example 3.6].

  <foaf:Person rdf:ID="john">
    <foaf:mbox rdf:resource="mailto:john@example.org"/>
    <foaf:name>John Doe</foaf:name>
  </foaf:Person>

We could combine assertors as well. The typical example could be an expert evaluator and a software tool, which perform the analysis. This set of assertors can be expressed under the umbrella of a foaf:Group. We should define who is the main assertor within a foaf:Group through the mainAssertor property (notice in the example how the person is defined as a blank node):

Example 3.7. A foaf:Group (software tool and person) as an assertor [download file for example 3.7].

  <foaf:Group rdf:ID="assertor01">
    <dct:title>John Doe and the W3C HTML Validator</dct:title>
    <earl:mainAssertor rdf:resource="http://validator.w3.org/about.html#"/>
    <foaf:member>
      <foaf:Person>
        <foaf:mbox rdf:resource="mailto:john@example.org"/>
        <foaf:name>John Doe</foaf:name>
      </foaf:Person>
    </foaf:member>
  </foaf:Group>

The second step is to define what was analyzed, the tested resource. For that, EARL defines the TestSubject class. This class is a generic wrapper for things to be tested like Web resources (cnt:Content) or software (earl:Software). In this case, the Example 3.2 could be represented as:

Example 3.8. A TestSubject with some Dublin Core properties (non-abbreviated RDF/XML serialization) [download file for example 3.8].

  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/resource/index.html">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Project Description</dct:title>
    <dct:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date">2006-02-14</dct:date>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#TestSubject"/>
  </rdf:Description>

Using the Representing Content in RDF vocabulary (via the cnt:ContentAsText class), we could insert the content of the test XHTML file into the report:

Example 3.9. A test subject expressed as cnt:ContentAsText (notice that the special XML characters have been escaped because the document is not well-formed to be expressed as an XML Literal) [download file for example 3.9].

  <cnt:ContentAsText rdf:about="http://example.org/resource/index.html">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Project Description</dct:title>
    <dct:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
      >2006-02-14</dct:date>
    <cnt:characterEncoding>UTF-8</cnt:characterEncoding>
    <cnt:chars>&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;

&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"&gt;

&lt;html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"&gt;
  &lt;head&gt;
  &lt;title&gt;Example of project pages&lt;/title&gt;
  &lt;/head&gt;
  &lt;body&gt;
  &lt;h1&gt;Project description&lt;/h1&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;My project name&lt;/h2&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;The strategic goal of this project is to make you understand EARL.&lt;/p&gt;

  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Here comes objective 1.
    &lt;li&gt;Here comes objective 2.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;p alt="what?"&gt;And goodbye ...&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
</cnt:chars>
  </cnt:ContentAsText>

The third step is to define the criterion used for testing the resource. EARL defines test criteria under the umbrella of the TestCriterion class. This class has two subclasses, TestRequirement and TestCase, depending on whether the criterion is a high level requirement, composed of many tests, or an atomic test case. In our example, we are testing validity against the XHTML 1.0 Strict specification, which could be expressed in the following way via the TestRequirement class:

Example 3.10. A TestRequirement with some Dublin Core properties [download file for example 3.10].

  <earl:TestRequirement rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">XHTML 1.0 Strict Document Type Definition</dct:title>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">DTD for XHTML 1.0 Strict.</dct:description>
  </earl:TestRequirement>

The fourth step is to specify the results of the test. There were three errors discovered by the W3C Validator that need to be presented as TestResults. In this case, we present only the errors, but it is also possible to present positive results. In the example below, we present the message errors as text messages within XHTML snippets. We will see later how to improve the machine-readability of such results.

Example 3.11. Results of the tests with the validator [download file for example 3.11].

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="error1">
    <dct:description rdf:parseType="Literal">
      <div xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
        <p>Error - Line 14 column 7: document type does not allow element
           <code>li</code>here; missing one of
           <code>ul</code>, <code>ol</code> start-tag.</p>
      </div>
    </dct:description>
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="error2">
    <dct:description rdf:parseType="Literal">
      <div xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
        <p>Error - Line 15 column 6: end tag for
           <code>li</code> omitted, but OMITTAG NO was specified.</p>
      </div>
    </dct:description>
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="error3">
    <dct:description rdf:parseType="Literal">
      <div xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
        <p>Error - Line 16 column 9: there is no attribute
           <code>alt</code>.</p>
      </div>
    </dct:description>
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

3.2 Putting the pieces together

The final step is to merge together the created components. The EARL statements for this purpose are called Assertions, and have four key properties: earl:assertedBy, earl:subject, earl:test and earl:result. Each of them serves to point to the corresponding assertors, test subjects, test requirements, and results, respectively. From our previous examples, we could build our first complete report with our three assertions:

Example 3.12. Results of the tests with the W3C Validator [download file for example 3.12].

    <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="ass1">
        <earl:result rdf:resource="#error1" />
        <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" />
        <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
        <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="#assertor01" />
    </earl:Assertion>
    <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="ass2">
        <earl:result rdf:resource="#error2" />
        <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" />
        <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
        <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="#assertor01" />
    </earl:Assertion>
    <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="ass3">
        <earl:result rdf:resource="#error3" />
        <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" />
        <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
        <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="#assertor01" />
    </earl:Assertion>

3.3 An accessibility example

Our next example presents the results of an accessibility test in a given Web resource. Let us consider a simple XHTML page, which presents the image of a cat:

Example 3.13. An XHTML document to be verified [download file for example 3.13].

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
  <head>
  <title>A cat's photography</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  <h1>A cat's photography</h1>
  <p>Image of a cat who likes
    <acronym title="Evaluation and Report Language">EARL</acronym>, although it
    seems quite tired.
    <img src="../images/cat.jpg" alt="Image of a white cat with black spots."/>
  </p>
  </body>
</html>

We have in this case a software tool called «Cool Tool» that performs a test against the Common Failure F65 from the (X)HTML techniques for WCAG 2.0 [WCAG20]. This technique proofs the existence of the alt attribute for given (X)HTML elements like img. The software can be represented as:

Example 3.14. A Software assertor [download file for example 3.14].

  <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/cooltool/">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Cool Tool accessibility checker</dct:title>
    <dct:hasVersion>1.0.c</dct:hasVersion>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">A reliable compliance checker for
      Web Accessibility</dct:description>
  </earl:Software>

Example 3.15. A TestCase for a WCAG 2.0 technique [download file for example 3.15].

  <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 from
      WCAG 2.0</dct:title>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">Failure due to omitting the
      alt attribute on img elements, area elements, and input elements of type
      image.</dct:description>
  </earl:TestCase>

We can make the test result more amenable to machine processing by making use of the Pointers [Pointers-RDF] vocabulary. In this case, we identify the line number where the test was compliant:

Example 3.16. A TestResult with a pointer [download file for example 3.16].

  <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer">
    <ptr:lineNumber>15</ptr:lineNumber>
    <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
  </ptr:LineCharPointer>

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result">
    <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer" />
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#passed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

Example 3.17. Accessibility Assertion [download file for example 3.17].

  <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="assert">
    <earl:result rdf:resource="result" />
    <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65" />
    <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="http://example.org/cooltool/" />
  </earl:Assertion>

3.4 Identifying unambiguously the resource

There are cases where the identification of a resource on the Web requires more than a URL. This occurs typically when the user agent and the server exchange HTTP messages via Content Negotiation to deliver the best possible alternative to the client. A common scenario appears when the user expresses a preference for given languages with a ranking via the Accept-Language header. Under those circumstances, it is necessary to use the HTTP vocabulary in RDF [HTTP-RDF] to identify correctly the TestSubject.

Let us assume that our exemplary Web server can deliver under the URL http://example.org/resource/index.html two versions (English and Spanish) of a given XHTML page. The English version of the page can be seen in Example 3.13. The Spanish version of the page is listed below:

Example 3.18. An XHTML file resource in Spanish [download file for example 3.18].

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html lang="es" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="es">
    <head>
        <title>Fotografía de un gato</title>
    </head>

    <body>
        <h1>Fotografía de un gato</h1>
        <p>Imagen de un gato al que le gusta
        <acronym title="Evaluation and Report Language" xml:lang="en" lang="en">EARL</acronym>,
        aunque aparenta estar muy cansado.
        <img src="../images/cat.jpg" />
        </p>
    </body>

</html>

The English resource can be represented in RDF (notice the difference in the request headers when compared with the Example 3.20) as:

Example 3.19. RDF representation of Example 3.13 [download file for example 3.19].

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:earl="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#"
    xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
    xmlns:cnt="http://www.w3.org/2007/content#"
    xmlns:http="http://www.w3.org/2006/http#"
    xml:base="http://www.example.org/resource/content_001#">

    <cnt:ContentAsBase64 rdf:ID="content1">
        <cnt:bytes>PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0...</cnt:bytes>
    </cnt:ContentAsBase64>

    <cnt:ContentAsText rdf:ID="content1a">
        <dct:source rdf:resource="#content1"/>
        <dct:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
        >2009-04-18</dct:date>
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">A cat's photography</dct:title>
        <cnt:characterEncoding>UTF-8</cnt:characterEncoding>
        <cnt:chars>&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?&gt;

&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"&gt;

&lt;html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"&gt;
  &lt;head&gt;
  &lt;title&gt;A cat's photography&lt;/title&gt;
  &lt;/head&gt;
  &lt;body&gt;
  &lt;h1&gt;A cat's photography&lt;/h1&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;Image of a cat who likes
    &lt;acronym title="Evaluation and Report Language"&gt;EARL&lt;/acronym&gt;, although it
    seems quite tired.
    &lt;img src="../images/cat.jpg" alt="Image of a white cat with black spots."/&gt;
  &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
</cnt:chars>
    </cnt:ContentAsText>

    <http:Response rdf:ID="response1">
        <http:httpVersion>1.1</http:httpVersion>
        <http:statusCodeNumber>200</http:statusCodeNumber>
        <http:sc rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-statusCodes#200" />
        <http:reasonPhrase>OK</http:reasonPhrase>
        <http:headers rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:MessageHeader>
                <http:fieldName>Vary</http:fieldName>
                <http:hdrName rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-headers#vary" />
                <http:fieldValue>Accept-Language</http:fieldValue>
            </http:MessageHeader>
            <!-- ... -->
        </http:headers>
        <http:body rdf:resource="#content1" />
    </http:Response>

    <http:Connection rdf:ID="connection1">
        <http:connectionAuthority>www.example.org:80</http:connectionAuthority>
        <http:requests rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:Request rdf:resource="#request1" />
        </http:requests>
    </http:Connection>

    <http:Request rdf:ID="request1">
        <http:httpVersion>1.1</http:httpVersion>
        <http:methodName>GET</http:methodName>
        <http:mthd rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-methods#GET" />
        <http:abs_path>/resource/index.html</http:abs_path>
        <http:headers rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:MessageHeader><!-- Requesting resource in English -->
                <http:fieldName>Accept-Language</http:fieldName>
                <http:hdrName
                    rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-headers#accept-language" />
                <http:fieldValue>en</http:fieldValue>
            </http:MessageHeader>
            <!-- ... -->
        </http:headers>
        <http:resp rdf:resource="#response1" />
    </http:Request>

</rdf:RDF>

Example 3.20. RDF representation of Example 3.18 [download file for example 3.20].

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:earl="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#"
    xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
    xmlns:cnt="http://www.w3.org/2007/content#"
    xmlns:http="http://www.w3.org/2006/http#"
    xml:base="http://www.example.org/resource/content_002#">

    <cnt:ContentAsBase64 rdf:ID="content2">
        <cnt:bytes>PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0i...</cnt:bytes>
    </cnt:ContentAsBase64>

    <cnt:ContentAsText rdf:ID="content2a">
        <dct:source rdf:resource="#content2"/>
        <dct:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date"
        >2009-04-18</dct:date>
        <dct:title xml:lang="es">Fotografía de un gato</dct:title>
        <cnt:characterEncoding>UTF-8</cnt:characterEncoding>
        <cnt:chars>&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?&gt;

&lt;!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"&gt;

&lt;html lang="es" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="es"&gt;
    &lt;head&gt;
        &lt;title&gt;Fotografía de un gato&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;/head&gt;

    &lt;body&gt;
        &lt;h1&gt;Fotografía de un gato&lt;/h1&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;Imagen de un gato al que le gusta
        &lt;acronym title="Evaluation and Report Language" xml:lang="en" lang="en"&gt;EARL&lt;/acronym&gt;,
        aunque aparenta estar muy cansado.
        &lt;img src="../images/cat.jpg" /&gt;
        &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;/body&gt;

&lt;/html&gt;
</cnt:chars>
    </cnt:ContentAsText>

    <http:Response rdf:ID="response2">
        <http:httpVersion>1.1</http:httpVersion>
        <http:statusCodeNumber>200</http:statusCodeNumber>
        <http:sc rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-statusCodes#200" />
        <http:reasonPhrase>OK</http:reasonPhrase>
        <http:headers rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:MessageHeader>
                <http:fieldName>Vary</http:fieldName>
                <http:hdrName rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-headers#vary" />
                <http:fieldValue>Accept-Language</http:fieldValue>
            </http:MessageHeader>
            <!-- ... -->
        </http:headers>
        <http:body rdf:resource="#content2" />
    </http:Response>

    <http:Connection rdf:ID="connection2">
        <http:connectionAuthority>www.example.org:80</http:connectionAuthority>
        <http:requests rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:Request rdf:resource="#request2" />
        </http:requests>
    </http:Connection>

    <http:Request rdf:ID="request2">
        <http:httpVersion>1.1</http:httpVersion>
        <http:methodName>GET</http:methodName>
        <http:mthd rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-methods#GET" />
        <http:abs_path>/resource/index.html</http:abs_path>
        <http:headers rdf:parseType="Collection">
            <http:MessageHeader><!-- Requesting resource in Spanish -->
                <http:fieldName>Accept-Language</http:fieldName>
                <http:hdrName
                    rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2008/http-headers#accept-language" />
                <http:fieldValue>es</http:fieldValue>
            </http:MessageHeader>
            <!-- ... -->
        </http:headers>
        <http:resp rdf:resource="#response2" />
    </http:Request>

</rdf:RDF>

Strictly speaking, for the representation of the TestSubject, only the http:Response object is needed. However, it is recommended to use the http:Request and http:Connection objects to facilitate the replicability of the results. The replicability of the results is also time-dependent as the resources may change over time. Therefore, timestamps or modification dates in the reports are also recommended.

We are now in the situation to allow our Cool Tool accessibility checker (see Example 3.14) to produce accurate reports on both versions of the page. The evaluation report for the English resource (assuming the same test requirement of Example 3.15) looks like the following snippet:

Example 3.21. Evaluation report for the English XHTML resource [download file for example 3.21].

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
  xmlns:earl="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#"
  xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  xmlns:cnt="http://www.w3.org/2007/content#"
  xmlns:ptr="http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/EARL/pointers#"
  xml:base="http://www.example.org/earl/report1#">

  <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="assert">
    <earl:result rdf:resource="result" />
    <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65" />
    <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/resource/content_001#response1" />
    <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="http://example.org/cooltool/" />
  </earl:Assertion>

  <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/cooltool/">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Cool Tool accessibility checker</dct:title>
    <dct:hasVersion>1.0.c</dct:hasVersion>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">A reliable compliance checker for
      Web Accessibility</dct:description>
  </earl:Software>

  <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 from
      WCAG 2.0</dct:title>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">Failure due to omitting the
      alt attribute on img elements, area elements, and input elements of type
      image.</dct:description>
  </earl:TestCase>

  <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer">
    <ptr:lineNumber>15</ptr:lineNumber>
    <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
    <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/resource/content_001#content1" />
  </ptr:LineCharPointer>

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result">
    <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer" />
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#passed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

</rdf:RDF>

Example 3.22. Evaluation report for the Spanish XHTML resource [download file for example 3.22].

<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
  xmlns:earl="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#"
  xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
  xmlns:cnt="http://www.w3.org/2007/content#"
  xmlns:ptr="http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/EARL/pointers#"
  xml:base="http://www.example.org/earl/report2#">

  <earl:Assertion rdf:ID="assert">
    <earl:result rdf:resource="result" />
    <earl:test rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65" />
    <earl:subject rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/resource/content_002#response2" />
    <earl:assertedBy rdf:resource="http://example.org/cooltool/" />
  </earl:Assertion>

  <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/cooltool/">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Cool Tool accessibility checker</dct:title>
    <dct:hasVersion>1.0.c</dct:hasVersion>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">A reliable compliance checker for
      Web Accessibility</dct:description>
  </earl:Software>

  <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65">
    <dct:title xml:lang="en">Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1 from
      WCAG 2.0</dct:title>
    <dct:description xml:lang="en">Failure due to omitting the
      alt attribute on img elements, area elements, and input elements of type
      image.</dct:description>
  </earl:TestCase>

  <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer">
    <ptr:lineNumber>16</ptr:lineNumber>
    <ptr:charNumber>9</ptr:charNumber>
    <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://www.example.org/resource/content_002#content2" />
  </ptr:LineCharPointer>

  <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result">
    <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer" />
    <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
  </earl:TestResult>

</rdf:RDF>

Notice how both the result and the location of the element analyzed (in this case the <img> element in the page) is different in both reports.

4 Advance usage

This section presents some advanced use of the vocabularies. In particular, we will show an example demonstrating the extensibility of the vocabulary (without losing its interoperability) and another example showing how to merge reports from different sources.

4.1 Extending the vocabularies

Let us assume a software product (Cool Validator 2.0) that validates XML documents on the Web against given DTDs or XML Schemas. According to the XML specification [XML], there are two types of errors:

The product defines an additional category, warning, which are errors reported by the underlying SAX parser. These are basically violations not included in the XML specification, and allow the product to continue its normal processing work. With these elements in mind, the following RDF Schema was developed:

Example 4.1. RDF Schema in the namespace http://example.org/ns/xmlval# for the error extensions of Cool Validator, which contains new classes, extensions of earl:Fail [download file for example 4.1].

    <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="FatalError">
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            Fatal error when processing the XML file (well-formedness)
        </rdfs:label>
        <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            1.0</owl:versionInfo>
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#Fail" />
    </rdfs:Class>
    <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Error">
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            Error when processing the XML file (validation constraint)
        </rdfs:label>
        <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            1.0</owl:versionInfo>
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#Fail" />
    </rdfs:Class>
    <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Warning">
        <rdfs:label rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            Warning when processing the XML file (parser issues)</rdfs:label>
        <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
            1.0</owl:versionInfo>
        <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#Fail" />
    </rdfs:Class>

A user of the aforementioned validator defines her own XML Schema (see Example 4.2) for an e-commerce application. The schema defines some restrictions in an order element, against which running Web Services payloads must be verified. To facilitate this process and provide via the Web Service a more user-friendly error feedback to her customers, she uses this validator.

Example 4.2. XML Schema for the ordering Web Service [download file for example 4.2].

<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
     elementFormDefault = "qualified">

    <xsd:element name = "order">
        <xsd:complexType>
            <xsd:sequence>
                <xsd:element ref = "item" maxOccurs = "unbounded"/>
            </xsd:sequence>
            <xsd:attribute name = "orderid" use = "required" type = "xsd:ID"/>
            <xsd:attribute name = "customer" use = "required" type = "xsd:integer"/>
        </xsd:complexType>
    </xsd:element>
    <xsd:element name = "item">
        <xsd:complexType>
            <xsd:sequence>
                <xsd:element ref = "quantity"/>
                <xsd:element ref = "unitprice"/>
            </xsd:sequence>
            <xsd:attribute name = "itemid" type = "xsd:ID"/>
        </xsd:complexType>
    </xsd:element>
    <xsd:element name = "quantity" type = "xsd:unsignedLong"/>
    <xsd:element name = "unitprice">
        <xsd:complexType>
            <xsd:simpleContent>
                <xsd:extension base = "xsd:float">
                    <xsd:attribute name = "currency" use = "required" type = "currencyType"/>
                </xsd:extension>
            </xsd:simpleContent>
        </xsd:complexType>
    </xsd:element>
    <xsd:simpleType name = "currencyType">
        <xsd:restriction base = "xsd:string">
            <xsd:enumeration value = "euros"/>
            <xsd:enumeration value = "dollars"/>
            <xsd:enumeration value = "pounds"/>
        </xsd:restriction>
    </xsd:simpleType>

</xsd:schema>

Example 4.3. SOAP payload for Customer X [download file for example 4.3].

<order xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation = "order.xsd"
    orderid = "oj_384" customer = "12345">

    <item itemid = "cat_34894">
        <quantity>2</quantity
        <unitprice currency = "dollars">40.88</unitprice>
    </item>
</order>

Which is evaluated through the Cool Validator, producing the following EARL report:

Example 4.4. First XML validation report [download file for example 4.4].

    <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/coolvalidator/20/">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Cool Validator</dct:title>
        <dct:hasVersion>2.0</dct:hasVersion>
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">The best XML validator of the world.</dct:description>
    </earl:Software>

    <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://example.org/customers/schemas/order.xsd">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Ordering Web Service Schema</dct:title>
    </earl:TestCase>

    <earl:TestResult rdf:about="#result">
        <earl:info>The end-tag for element type "quantity" must end with a '&gt;' delimiter.</earl:info>
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://example.org/ns/xmlval#FatalError" />
    </earl:TestResult>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer">
        <ptr:charNumber>9</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:lineNumber>7</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="#order" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

This customer is aware of the EARL extensions of the Cool Validator, and can interpret the results from the perspective of the XML specification, correcting accordingly her SOAP client. Customer Y, who sent the following payload:

Example 4.5. SOAP payload for Customer Y [download file for example 4.5].

<order xmlns:xsi = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation = "order.xsd"
    orderid = "oj_490" customer = "67890">

    <item itemid = "cat_30922">
        <quantity>4.0</quantity>
        <unitprice currency = "euro">783.30</unitprice>
    </item>
</order>

cannot interpret this extension of the vocabulary sent in another report. However, by supporting the EARL standard and standard subclassing mechanisms of Semantic Web vocabularies, this customer is still in the position of interpreting the outcome of the error messages and can act accordingly.

Example 4.6. Second XML validation report translated to standard EARL [download file for example 4.6].

    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result1">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer1" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#Fail" />
        <earl:info>The value '4.0' of element 'quantity' is not valid.</earl:info>
    </earl:TestResult>

    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result2">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer2" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#Fail" />
        <earl:info>The value 'euro' of attribute 'currency' on element
            'unitprice' is not valid with respect to its type, 'currencyType'
            [euros, dollars, pounds].</earl:info>
    </earl:TestResult>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer1">
        <ptr:charNumber>33</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:lineNumber>6</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="#order" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer2">
        <ptr:charNumber>38</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:lineNumber>7</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="#order" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

4.2 Merging reports from different sources

Using EARL, reports from different sources can be combined to obtain more information or refine existing ones. We take as starting point an XHTML file, which contains two images. One of them lacks of an alternative text attribute. In the other one, the attribute is present, but it reflects the size of the image in bytes.

Example 4.7. An XHTML document to be tested [download file for example 4.7].

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
  <head>
  <title>My photo album</title>
  </head>
  <body>
  <h1>My photo album</h1>
  <p>These are two nice photos I took yesterday:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>Image of a cat who likes
    <acronym title="Evaluation and Report Language">EARL</acronym>, although it
    seems quite tired:
    <img src="../images/cat.jpg" />
  </li>
  <li>Image of a fir tree:
    <img src="../images/fir_tree.jpg" alt="98211 bytes" />
  </li>
  </ul>
  </body>
</html>

An accessibility evaluator who wants to verify the compliance of this page against success criteria 1.1.1 from WCAG 2.0 [WCAG20] is using for its accessibility test two tools:

Example 4.8. Exemplary Compliance as a Software assertor [download file for example 4.8].

    <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/excompliance/">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Exemplary Compliance checker</dct:title>
        <dct:hasVersion>3.2</dct:hasVersion>
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">The compliance checker for
            Web Accessibility</dct:description>
    </earl:Software>

Example 4.9. Extract from the Cool Tool report [download file for example 4.9].

    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result1">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer1" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
    </earl:TestResult>
    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result2">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer2" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#cantTell" />
    </earl:TestResult>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer1">
        <ptr:lineNumber>17</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>
    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer2">
        <ptr:lineNumber>20</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

In this section of the report, we can observe that the tool is able to identify correctly the error in the first image, but it is unable to discern whether the alternative attribute of the second image corresponds to its size. However, the Exemplary Compliance checker is able to download the image, check its size, and compare it to the content of the alternative attribute. This tool produces the following report:

Example 4.10. Extract from the Exemplary Compliance checker report [download file for example 4.10].

    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result1">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer1" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
    </earl:TestResult>
    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result2">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer2" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
    </earl:TestResult>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer1">
        <ptr:lineNumber>17</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>
    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer2">
        <ptr:lineNumber>20</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

Finally, our evaluator creates a new assertor group, which members include the evaluator and the two tools. The report that she delivers to her customer contains only the assertions that are final, substituting the undefined outcomes by those from the tool that is able to verify adequately the technique. Our evaluator can take decisions on this regard because the use of the EARL Pointers vocabulary allows her to compare exactly the location of the assertion.

Example 4.11. Extract from the final accessibility report [download file for example 4.11].

    <foaf:Group rdf:ID="assertgroup">
        <dct:title>John Doe and the W3C HTML Validator</dct:title>
        <earl:mainAssertor rdf:resource="http://example.org/persons/jdoe/" />
        <foaf:member rdf:resource="http://example.org/excompliance/" />
        <foaf:member rdf:resource="http://example.org/cooltool/" />
    </foaf:Group>
    <foaf:Person rdf:about="http://example.org/persons/jdoe/">
        <foaf:mbox rdf:resource="mailto:jane@example.org" />
        <foaf:name>Jane Doe</foaf:name>
    </foaf:Person>
    <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/cooltool/">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Cool Tool accessibility checker</dct:title>
        <dct:hasVersion>1.0.c</dct:hasVersion>
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">A reliable compliance checker
            for Web Accessibility</dct:description>
    </earl:Software>
    <earl:Software rdf:about="http://example.org/excompliance/">
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Exemplary Compliance checker</dct:title>
        <dct:hasVersion>3.2</dct:hasVersion>
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">The compliance checker for
            Web Accessibility</dct:description>
    </earl:Software>

    <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F65">
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">Failure due to omitting
            the alt attribute on img elements, area elements, and input elements
            of type image.</dct:description>
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1
            from WCAG 2.0</dct:title>
    </earl:TestCase>
    <earl:TestCase rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/F30">
        <dct:description xml:lang="en">Failure of Success
            Criterion 1.1.1 and 1.2.1 due to using text alternatives that are
            not alternatives.</dct:description>
        <dct:title xml:lang="en">Failure of Success Criterion 1.1.1
            and 1.2.1 from WCAG 2.0</dct:title>
    </earl:TestCase>

    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result1">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer1" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
    </earl:TestResult>
    <earl:TestResult rdf:ID="result2">
        <earl:pointer rdf:resource="#pointer2" />
        <earl:outcome rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/ns/earl#failed" />
    </earl:TestResult>

    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer1">
        <ptr:lineNumber>17</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>
    <ptr:LineCharPointer rdf:ID="pointer2">
        <ptr:lineNumber>20</ptr:lineNumber>
        <ptr:charNumber>5</ptr:charNumber>
        <ptr:reference rdf:resource="http://example.org/resource/index.html" />
    </ptr:LineCharPointer>

This example demonstrates how the use of simple Semantic Web technologies enables the combination of EARL assertions to produce improved and more accurate reports.

5 Conclusions

This guide presented a thorough overview of the Evaluation and Report Language (EARL). As mentioned in the introduction, EARL must be seen as a generic vocabulary that can facilitate the creation and exchange of test reports. In this generality lies its strength, as it can be applied to multiple scenarios and use cases, which may even lay outside the world of software development and compliance testing.

EARL also allows merging and aggregation of results in a semantic manner, thus enabling different testing actors to share and improve results.

Of course, there could be scenarios where EARL might not be able to cope with their underlying complexity. However, its semantic nature allows its extensibility via new vocabularies based upon RDF, without endangering the interoperability of the reports.

The Working Group is looking forward to receiving feedback on the current version of the schema, and expects from implementers of compliance tools issues and suggestions for improvement.

Appendix A: References

Appendix B: Document changes

The following is a list of changes with respect to the previous internal version:

Appendix C: Contributors

Shadi Abou-Zahra, Carlos Iglesias, Michael A Squillace, Johannes Koch and Carlos A Velasco.