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Dyslexia |
Non-vocal |
Down Syndrom |
Autism |
Dyscalculia |
Aging and Cognative Decline |
Memory
- Working memory
- Short-term memory typically lasts seconds
- Long-term memory - reading (recal and writing - Includes the ability to learn such as learn a new symbol and use it the next day)
Context based
- Episodic memory (autobiographical – time, self, )
- Semantic memory (factual)
- Visual memory
- Visuo-spatia memory
- Auditory memory: Memory for sound patterns (UM),
- Procedural memory
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May have impared
- Short term memory
- Visual memory
- Visuo-spatia memory
- Auditory memory: Memory for sound patterns (UM),
- Procedural memory
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Executive functions
- emotional control and self-monitoring
- shift ( also called task flexibility)
- initiation and
- planning/organization and
- execution
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Sometimes affected:
planning/organization |
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Reasoning
- Fluid (logical) reasoning.
- Mathematical intelligence
- reasoning via seriation (organsiation, conservation and classification
- Behavioral (or conative) component involving memory such as long term autobiographical memory.
- Crystallized intelligence (sometimes called Comprehension- Knowledge) is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience.
- Abstraction
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Typicaly not affected |
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Attention
Selective attention refers to the ability to attend to some stimuli while disregarding others that are irrelevant to the task at hand.
Also
- Divided attention
- Sustained attention
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Selective attention may be affected |
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Language Speak, write, read or understand speech or language
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Speech perception: This depends on:
- Auditory Discrimination (Note not L hearing, but the identification and differentiation of sounds also called General sound discrimination (U3),
- Temporal tracking (UK)
- Listening Ability (LS)
- Naming skills (N)
- Related memory such as Working Memory, auditory memory - (Memory for sound patterns)
- Morphosyntax: T he system of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences (syntax).
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Often affected:
Auditory
Temporal tracking
Temporal tracking
Naming skills
Related memory
Morphosynta |
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Understanding figural language.
Including a simile, onomatopoeia, personification , oxymoron, paradox ,, allusion or idiom and puns. |
Not affected |
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Literacy
Depends on speech perception and visual perception. Also depends on:
- Phoneme Processing and Phonetic coding (PC)
- Cross-modal Association Association of sign and concept
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Affected |
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understand speech
gramer / phrasing
word |
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Visual recognition
(also called visual Perception)
The visual system automatically groups elements into patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), and Continuity. (Gestalt psychology)
Functions include:
- Object recognition
- Face recognition (seems to be a different process to object recognition [ Face and object recognition ((Alex Huk. (1999) "Object and Face Recognition: Lecture Notes." pp. 5]
- Pattern recognition
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Affected |
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Other Perception
Auditory perception (see Speech perception above for further classifications), Motor, Tactile smell Psychomotor Kinestheti( bodily position, weight, or movement) Olfactory and sensory perception |
Auditory perception effected |
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Knowledge
Types of knowledge that might be required for use of ICT include:
- Knowledge of culture
- Base Language knowledge including:
- Lexical (UL)
- Jargon (subject mater)
- Web jargon and technology
- Web and technology usages and risks
- Metaphors and idioms
- Icons and symbols
- Mathematical knowledge
- Mechanical Knowledge (MK)
- Knowledge of behaviors
- Design metaphor –look
- Design functions
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typicaly not effected. |
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Behavioral
Consciousness |
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Spoken languages
The basic skills for spoken languages seem to be Speech perception:
- Speech perception: sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood This depends on:
- Auditory Discrimination (Note not L hearing, but the identification and differentiation of sounds also called General sound discrimination (U3),
- Temporal tracking (UK)
- Listening Ability (LS)
- Naming skills (N)
- Related memory such as Working Memory, auditory memory - (Memory for sound patterns)
- Morphosyntax: T he system of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences (syntax).
- Understanding figural language. Including a simile (a comparison of two things, such as “His cheeks were like roses”, A metaphor, onomatopoeia (a word designed to be an imitation of a sound such as “Bark! Bark!” ), personification ( attribution of a personal nature to inanimate objects) an oxymoron ( opposite or contradictory terms is used together for emphasis such as “organized chaos” ) a paradox ,a Hyperbole (an extreme exaggeration such as “ I was so upset I nearly died”) allusion or idiom(such as : You should keep your eye out for him.) and puns.
Note: Spoken language also require inability to produce voice
Sign language
Sign language without spoken language probably requires a slightly different set of skills such as:
- Visual Recognition Skills
- Non-vocal Naming - Association of sign and concept
- Phoneme Processing and Phonetic coding (PC)
- Related memory such as Working Memory, Visual memory, Memory for patterns
- Morphosyntax: T he system of the internal structure of words (morphology) and the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences (syntax).
- Understanding figural language.
Note that many dyslexics achieve literacy without many of these functions or with impaired functioning
Perception
Other Perception
Auditory perception (see Speech perception above for further classifications), Motor, Tactile smell Psychomotor Kinestheti( bodily position, weight, or movement) Olfactory and sensory perception
Speed
Processing speed effect all the functions above. See Caroll.
A related concept is fluency