A BinaryRelation ?REL is a TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL. The Class of all Months which are December. The Class of visually discernible properties. SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1). The Class of all Months which are September. The Class of Processes where a Liquid is added to an Object. Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated. Soft-bodied Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid. The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are connected by more than one GraphArc. SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category. A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. Any Process which is intended to result in Learning. SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15. The subclass of SurfaceChange where a ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another. The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended. Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid. A Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. A RelationExtendedToQuantities is a Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from RealNumbers to ConstantQuantities, the ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension. An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. The subclass of Searching where the thing sought is a piece of information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula). The subclass of Languages used by Humans. A Group whose members all have the same age. The Process by which Food is taken into an Animal. A Class of Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders. Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a Food that was originally part of a Plant and is not ingested by drinking, including nuts, grains, beans, etc. Note that preparations involving more than one FruitOrVegetable or something that is not a FruitOrVegetable are not classed under FruitOrVegetable. For example, a salad is not considered to be a FruitOrVegetable because most salads contain more than one kind of vegetable, and zucchini cooked in lard would not be a FruitOrVegetable because it contains an Animal product. A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. This is a Class of Classes. Each instance of InheritableRelation is a subclass of Relation whose properties can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the subrelation Predicate. Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something from another CognitiveAgent through a court of law. A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. A Relation is a SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all SingleValuedRelations are total functions. To declare that a Relation is a total function, use both SingleValuedFunction and TotalValuedFunction. The Class of all calendar Fridays. The fundamental structural and functional unit of living Organisms. An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals. Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left versus Right etc. The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object. Any BodyMotion of Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music. Any RealNumber that is not also a RationalNumber. Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST. The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances. The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information. Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives. An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents. Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples. A GraphPath that begins (see BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same GraphNode. The Class of all clock Hours. One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits. The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. The Class of all calendar Thursdays. Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. The Class of Functions that require a single argument. The Class of all Attributes that specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an Organization or other Group. QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two subclasses of QuaternaryRelation are QuaternaryPredicate and TernaryFunction. The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph is assumed to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken or mental representation. This Attribute applies to Organisms that are neither Unconscious nor Asleep. A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity. The subclass of HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages. SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). Any instance of Getting that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc. Controlling the direction and/or speed of a TransportationDevice. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc. The Class of all calendar Wednesdays. The Class of Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments. A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc. An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs. The Class of NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. A currency measure. A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. A BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the Organism. A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement. A short Text that is a summary of another, longer Text. Unit of volume commonly used in the United States. Any Attribute that characterizes the texture of an Object. Note that a TextureAttribute is distinguished from ShapeAttributes by the fact that the former apply to surfaces of objects whenever they apply to the objects themselves. The Class of Processes where the agent pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. The Class of OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the PositiveIntegers. The Class of Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation. A disordered process, activity, or state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects. An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents. The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms. A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers films, videos, etc. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. Noncompositional parts of Graphs. These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object. A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue. A request expresses a desire by the agent of the request that the destination of the request perform some future action. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. A Predicate is a sentence-forming Relation. Each tuple in the Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'. OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients. A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 FahrenheitDegrees. A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities). A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons-- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2) A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Contest. A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole. Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered. Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and composed largely of contractile cells. Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. English mass unit of pounds. An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint lasts. The Class of Functions that require exactly three arguments. The Class of NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this Class. Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses information. A Class of Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in another kind of Object. Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world. An Integer that is greater than zero. A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers. The Class of Mammals which are Primates. The Class of UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y). The class of ElementalSubstances that are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. Any Process of movement. A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars. A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 CelsiusDegrees. SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles. Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds. A properPart of a Building which is separated from the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc. A BinaryRelation is a TotalOrderingRelation if it is a PartialOrderingRelation and a TrichotomizingRelation. The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. An OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. The subclass of Poking Processes which involve a sharp instrument. An Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1. The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid. In Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the Class BiologicallyActiveSubstance. Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. The Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a GeographicArea. SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2. The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. A physiologic function of the Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple Organs or Tissues. A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun. Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity. Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. A TransportationDevice is a Device which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries the patient of the Process from one point to another. The Class of Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. Asexual Processes of biological reproduction. An IntentionalProcess that is carried out within or by an Organization. The Class of all Months which are June. One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Objects. A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas. Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message. A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. English mass unit of slugs. SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(-2). A Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity. The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea. Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, the List is the NullList. An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is part of a strategy for winning the larger Contest of which the Maneuver is a part. One of the seven largest LandAreas on earth. Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal. The Class of Substances that contain two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Meter BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems. A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a specialized function. The Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two. An Integer that is less than zero. A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities. The class of Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer. The OrganizationalProcess of becoming a member of an Organization. The Class of Processes where an Object is heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. The Class of Predicates that require five arguments. The Class of Predicates that require exactly three arguments. A Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers. Any Process where the PhysicalState of part of the patient of the Process changes. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms. The Class of Functions that require exactly four arguments. A Set containing a finite number of elements. A Transaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for something else. A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte. Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. A Relation is a PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a Relation is both a PartialValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function. The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations). The Process of being born. A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired. The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities. Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes. A Sentence or set of Sentences that perform a specific function related to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic. A fluid present in Animals that transports Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus. An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. A BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an AntisymmetricRelation and an IrreflexiveRelation. The Class of flesh-eating Mammals. Members of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. The Class of Putting processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else. The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for their young. Any Food which was originally part of an Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under Food. A SetOrClass of Classes is a MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original SetOrClass. OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents. The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. The Class of all calendar Months. The Class of all Attributes that specify an occupational role of a CognitiveAgent. A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, where being an instance of this class is not determined by intention). A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. A BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced or required by an Organism, of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the Organism. Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable. SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2). SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd. The subclass of Searching where the thing sought is an Object. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. A Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world. A normal process of an Organism or part of an Organism. The Class of all Months which are April. SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3). Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism. A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity. An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. A BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms; in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2. Various Primates with relatively long tails. An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same TimePositions. The OrganizationalProcess of joining an EducationalOrganization as a student. The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple. A Class of small Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. Any Process where the aim is to find something, whether it be information (i.e. a Proposition) or an Object. A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees). An Organization that is a Government, a subOrganization of a Government, or an Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change. A cold-blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish. The Class of all clock Seconds. The subclass of HumanLanguages that did not originate diachronically, but were designed by a Human. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication. SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(-1). A collection of Cells and Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures to small components of complex Organs. Any Attribute whose presence is detected by an act of Perception. An energy measure. A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people. A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes. A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific type of task. English length unit of feet. The Class of Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads. The Process of biological development in which an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to direct the movements of another Object, whether an Agent or not. Sexual Processes of biological reproduction. Any Attribute that characterizes the sound made by an Object. A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game. Long, narrow, soft-bodied Invertebrates. A complex Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole. A SetOrClass of Classes is a PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint from every other instance of the SetOrClass. An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture and that is intended to be sold. The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object. SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1. A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that this is different from Removing in that neither of the two things which are detached may be removed from the location where it was attached. The Class of Systeme International (SI) units. Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions. The Class of Substances with constant composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). TernaryRelations relate three items. The two subclasses of TernaryRelation are TernaryPredicate and BinaryFunction. English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a UnitedStatesGallon. Includes Humans and relatively recent ancestors of Humans. The Class of Attributes relating to the taste of Objects. Any Motion where the agent is an Organism and the patient is a BodyPart. A SocialInteraction where the agent and patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. Any Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted. Classes differ from Sets in two important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. The main features of Tissues are self-connectivity (see SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism. A Text that has pages and is bound. A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language. The Class of all calendar Saturdays. A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to participants in a Contest. Some of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. A BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the Function. More precisely, a Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased. A FunctionQuantity is a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity mapping values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions with a fixed arity. Note too that all elements of the range of a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. A currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the UnitedStatesDollar. The class of UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity to the Class ConstantQuantity. A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline. A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. The Class of all calendar Tuesdays. SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 Watt per Steradian. A BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. An article in a Book or Series. The act of changing the direction in which the patient of the act is oriented. Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity increased is a TemperatureMeasure. A negative or nonnegative whole number. A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the Language. SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no GraphLoops. The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning. Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. Generally, a living individual, including all Plants and Animals. An Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things. A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. A subclass of Attributes for characterizing the breakability of CorpuscularObjects. A WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. The Class of all calendar Sundays. The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent. Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. English length unit of miles. Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers. A Group whose members bear familyRelations to one another. The Class of all calendar Mondays. Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or a Questioning. The subclass of Languages used by Animals other than Humans. A LandArea of relatively small size. This concept represents the state of 'being at an address'. The Class of temporal Relations. This Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension. A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (ElementalSubstances) are metals. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something. The value of an angle in a solid. One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects. The Class of Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This Class includes mereological relations and topological relations. SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2). SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1. The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. An umbrella Class for any Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of Word. A Particle is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class Particle includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc. Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge. An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. A Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated. Any BodyPart which is a covering of another BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game. A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address. A BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. A Group whose members originate from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural practices. A Process where one Object becomes attached to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. The Class of all Months which are February. The core of the Atom. It is composed of Protons and Neutrons. Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions. Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Searching and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis. The Class of alphanumeric sequences. An element of living cells and a source of energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an Organism on land for the purpose of moving from one point to another. A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic Microorganism. The place where two BodyParts meet or connect. An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time. The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(-1). Note that Hertz does not have a conversion function. Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells. A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which something is burning. A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea. This Attribute applies to Organisms that are sleeping. A BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written Texts. A term of a Language that represents a concept. A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular Organ. Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an Organism. An Organization that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. Informally, a single, directed route between two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). The value of an angle in a plane. This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words. The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else. Various Primates with no tails or only short tails. A Device which is manipulated by a Human and whose purpose is to produce Music. Any Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position on the number line. The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device. Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. The Class of Functions that require two arguments. The Class of Predicates that require four arguments. Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. An Integer that is evenly divisible by 2. The Class of all Months which are July. SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. A Calorie is an energy measure. The Class of Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is Human and is kept against his/her will. This covers imprisonment, being jailed, held in custody, etc. English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup. Attributes that indicate whether an Organism is alive or not. An organization, division or department within an organization. For example, the Shell Corporation, the accounting department at Shell, etc. would all be instances of OrganizationUnit. The continued existence of an OrganizationUnit is not dependent on any of its members, locations, or facilities. Note that, unlike Organization, an OrganizationUnit may have no members. English pound of force. The conversion factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant. A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea. A UnaryConstantFunction of continuous time. All instances of this Class map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time. A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies. The class StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built. The subclass of PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions. A Function is a term-forming Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the SetOrClass. The Class of all clock Minutes. SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1. A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a ReflexiveRelation, an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2). Instances of this Class commit a sender to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. A Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis. The Class of all Months which are May. The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of a Proposition. Reproductive structure of Organisms. Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by Animals. One KiloByte (KB) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. Any Number that is the result of multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of -1. The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology. An IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses of BodyMotion. This Class currently comprises all of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '', and ). Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. Any Transfer where two Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another. English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Quart. A plane angle measure. An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort). A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each. The Class of Removing processes where the agent uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. Any instance of Motion where the agent of the Motion and the patient of the Motion are not the same thing. The ElectronVolt is an energy measure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum. The Class of all calendar weeks. A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory Organ. SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. 1 Angstrom = 10^(-10) m A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The Class of all calendar Years. The Class of VisualAttributes relating to the color of Objects. A Communication that involves the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom. The Manufacture of Texts. Note that there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. The Class of Relations between an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that the Agent have awareness of the Entity. This class encompasses Organisms, CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc. The physical state of an Object. There are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron. The Process of changing the shape of an Object. An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. A syntactically well-formed formula of a Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition. The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length. The Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands. The Class of all Months which are November. Instances of this Class express a state of the sender. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an Organization. A Process where something is disassembled into (some of) its parts. A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb. The Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer. Any Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. Any RealNumber that is the product of dividing two Integers. An Animal which has a spinal column. The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location. The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. A military confrontation between two or more Nations or Organizations whose members are Nations. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an Organism. Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is increased. The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else. Any GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them. A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations. A RealNumber that is greater than zero. Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the patient. The subclass of Languages that are designed by Humans. BinaryRelation ?REL is an AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an AntisymmetricRelation to be a ReflexiveRelation. A Class of Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes. Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics. The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination. The Making of an instance of Food. The Class of all Months which are October. Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale. A RealNumber that is less than zero. Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. The subclass of Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering. an OrganizationalProcess whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future. A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a Making. The OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization. An OrganizationalProcess carried out by officially constituted governments or with the aim of overthrowing or modifying such a government. An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water. The subclass of Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling. A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns. The Class of properties that are detectable by smell. A Disseminating whose purpose is to promote the sale of an Object represented in a Text or Icon (the advertisement). One Bit of information. A one or a zero. SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) Newton per Meter of length. A relatively narrow WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc. Any Communication that involves a single agent and many destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting. A PhysiologicProcess of a particular Organ or Tissue. One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Processes. The Process of dying. The Class of LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep. A ContentBearingObject consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many dozens of episodes, a film serial, etc. SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2). The Class of all Months which are January. Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an Organism. An Organization is a corporate or similar institution, distinguished from other Agents. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that parts of Organizations should not be included here, unless they are a subOrganization of an Organization. An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero. Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. A Class of Invertebrate that includes Arachnids and Insects. A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. The subclass of RadiatingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice. SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2). A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water. A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set. Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). Administrative subdivisions of a Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house Humans and their activities. An Animal which has no spinal column. This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic roadway signs, 'icons' in a graphical computer operating system, etc. Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST. A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant. Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis. Any instance of Giving that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants. Any Attribute that relates to the shape of an Object. A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of Lungs and generally lay eggs. An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content. The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. A Relation is a TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a Relation to be both a TotalValuedRelation and a SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function. Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms linked by a chemical bond. A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs were Touching. English length unit of inches. A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. The Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint. The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal. Machines are Devices that that have a well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert the resource into the result. Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an Organism. A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. The Class of IntentionalRelations where the Agent has awareness of an instance of Physical. The Class of Processes where an Object is cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. Elements from the number system with base 2. Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. The Class of PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest PureSubstances. Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge. A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. Processes in which some form of radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else. A List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value. A Predicate relating two items - its valence is two. The Class of all Months which are August. The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed from an Object. QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two subclasses of QuintaryRelation are QuintaryPredicate and QuaternaryFunction. The Class of Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain. The Class of all Months which are March. A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1. A Process embodied in an Organism. The OrganizationalProcess of leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. The Class of all calendar Days. A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is linked to itself. Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism. The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. The subclass of Perception in which the sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. Instances of this Class commit the sender to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. A Process where two or more things are combined into a single thing. A Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb. This Attribute applies to Organisms that are unconscious because of a non-natural process, e.g. a blow to the head, a drug, etc. Note that the Attribute Asleep is used to describe the ConsciousnessAttribute of an Organism that is asleep. (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 overlapsSpatially the other. (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share. A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something. A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine. A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), EndNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a end. An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST. A subrelation of represents. (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem. A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class. A very general predicate. (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is situated at ?OBJ, in some sense. The Predicates located and time are spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance. (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. The general relationship of fatherhood. (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD. This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection. One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of Artifact and not instances. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MilliFn Ampere) is .001 Amperes. (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North. (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house. The general relationship of motherhood. (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD. The relation between two Graphs when one Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). A BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation. A BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a SetOrClass only if no instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. A UnaryFunction that maps an OrganizationUnit, the notion of an organization which is independent of its members, locations, and facilities, to the corresponding Organization, i.e. the Group of Humans who are members of the Organization. Note that this is a partial function, since there are many cases of organizations which are legal entities but which lack any members. The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and which have the least number of GraphArcs. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 SecondDurations. (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context. Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the Object. (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation. The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself. (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument. A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition. The predicate of partial localization. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia. Note that this is the most basic localization relation: located and exactlyLocated are both subrelations of partlyLocated. One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability of ?FORMULA. A basic relation for Graphs and their parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT. A BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2). (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION. (CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass or Collection ?CLASS. (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc. A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. A very general Predicate for biological relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. The general relationship of parenthood. (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD. BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span. A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a TimeInterval as a common part. (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one. (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. A BinaryFunction is closed on a SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the SetOrClass. This predicate indicates the value of a GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see PrincipalHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected. (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2. (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists. Gives the range of a function. In other words, (range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are instances of ?CLASS. (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation). (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the agent of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline. For another example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately precedes the TimePosition. A Function that takes a List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value 3. Expresses a relationship between a Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the Formula is true. (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. A BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath. (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the GraphPath ?PATH. (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), BeginNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a beginning. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity. (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it. The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. A BinaryRelation is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation. (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process. A very general Predicate. (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see BackFn). (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. A Function that maps an Object to the side that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. A Relation R is a subrelation Relation R' if R is a subclass R'. This implies that every tuple of R is also a tuple of R'. Again, if R holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then R' holds for the same arguments. Thus, a Relation and its subrelation must have the same valence. In CycL, subrelation is called #$genlPreds. An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity. A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the Set of Property owned by the Agent. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn Ampere) is .000000000001 Amperes. (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively. A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in the GraphPath. A BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the SetOrClass. (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the original SetOrClass. (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. An object is an immediateInstance of a SetOrClass if it is an instance of the SetOrClass and there does not exist a subclass of SetOrClass such that it is an instance of the subclass. A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations agent and resource. (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. Similar to the capability Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree. A subrelation of represents. This predicate relates a ContentBearingObject to the Proposition that is expressed by the ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content. (rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are subclasses of ?CLASS. The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge. (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, the other subrelation of part. (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn. (notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT is paying attention to ?OBJECT, that ?OBJECT is currently the object of ?AGENT's conscious awareness. (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate relatedExternalConcept. (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the Process. (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that ?EXPRESS is expressed in Language ?LANG. (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends. (initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a subList of ?LIST2 and (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined. (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causes Killing Death). A BinaryPredicate that associates an Object with its value expressed as an instance of CurrencyMeasure. A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins. (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the surface an Object. Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty. BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of a circular Object from side to side. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (KiloFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John. (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that immediately follows the TimePosition. Expresses a relationship between a Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the Formula is true. A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole). A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all instances of the original SetOrClass. A BinaryRelation is reflexive on a SetOrClass only if every instance of the SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation. (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of VariableArityRelation. For example, holds is a VariableArityRelation. A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). The magnitude of a ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts a ConstantQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity. (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process. (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. relates an Object to an exact copy of the Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location. A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM. A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances. A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process. The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped. (earlier INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that INTERVAL1 ends before INTERVAL2 begins. (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C. (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a proper part of the Organization ?ORG2. A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance of the Function MeasureFn. This Predicate holds between an instance of Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. The actual, minimal location of an Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located. The causation relation between subclasses of Process. (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causes Killing Death). One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled. (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content. (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. The relationship between two Organisms that have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc. (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence to its TruthValue. The analog of element and instance for Lists. (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names. The height of an Object is the distance between its top and its bottom. (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a temporalPart of ?TIME. A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which is also a subrelation of part. A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances. One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC2 can exist or be true only if ?PROC1 exists or is true. A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments. (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the top or bottom. FullyFormed The stage of an Organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase. Fluid Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to conform to the shape of a container. Unlikely The TruthValue of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be False. Unilluminated The Attribute of Regions that are unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable. Polychromatic An Object with this Attribute has different colors on different parts of its surface. Left This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap. NakedPromise A Promise where nothing is promised in return, i.e. a nudum pactum. Dry An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains no Liquid. Blue The Attribute of being blue in color. Dead This Attribute applies to Organisms that are not alive. South The compass direction of South. Fragile An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is very breakable. On This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact. Promise Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner. Illuminated The Attribute of Regions that are illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually discernable. Below This PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap. Living This Attribute applies to Organisms that are alive. Female An Attribute indicating that an Organism is female in nature. Fillable Something is Fillable if it can be filled by something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled. Larval Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form. Near The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected. EasternTimeZone A TimeZone that covers much of the eastern United States. Above This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap. Damp An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object contains some Liquid. Black The Attribute of being black in color. False The TruthValue of being false. Adjacent Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to. Likely The TruthValue of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be True. North The compass direction of North. Obligation Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is required, by some authority, to make true. Unbreakable An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object cannot be broken. Rigid The shape of an Object with this Attribute cannot be altered. Right This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap. Warranty A Contract that states the cirumstances under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty. PurchaseContract A Contract between two Agents in which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in exchange for currency. Horizontal Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object. ServiceContract A Contract where an Agent agrees to perform a service for another Agent (usually for a price). Gas An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. NegativeInfinity The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints. Possibility Attribute that applies to Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world. Monochromatic An Object with this Attribute has the same color on every part of its surface. Permission Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. MountainTimeZone A TimeZone that covers much of the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. White The Attribute of being white in color. True The TruthValue of being true. CentralTimeZone A TimeZone that covers much of the midwestern United States. Vertical Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object. Yellow The Attribute of being yellow in color. Male An Attribute indicating that an Organism is male in nature. NonFullyFormed The stage of an Organism before it is FullyFormed. NumberE NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. Wet An Attribute which indicates that the associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid. West The compass direction of West. Liquid An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. NullSet The Set that contains no instances. Unemployed The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed. CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone A TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone. Pliable The shape of an Object with this Attribute can be altered. PositiveInfinity The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints. Necessity Attribute that applies to Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. Pi Pi is the RealNumber that is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. Embryonic The stage of an Organism or an AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to their birth. Red The Attribute of redness. Law Attribute that applies to Propositions that are required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy. Contract Attribute that applies to Propositions where something is promised in return, i.e. a reciprocal promise. PacificTimeZone A TimeZone that covers much of the western part of the United States. East The compass direction of East. Solid An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.