- From: Scott Hollier <scott@hollier.info>
- Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2017 08:44:59 +0000
- To: Shadi Abou-Zahra <shadi@w3.org>, RQTF <public-rqtf@w3.org>
To Shadi Thanks for that. I think David Sloan had a particular wiki spot that he would put literature assessments if that helps. Happy to leave it ot others as to the bet spot to put it. Scott. Dr Scott Hollier Digital Access Specialist Mobile: +61 (0)430 351 909 Web: www.hollier.info Technology for everyone Keep up-to-date with digital access news – follow @scotthollier on Twitter or e-mail newsletter@hollier.info with ‘subscribe’ in the subject line. -----Original Message----- From: Shadi Abou-Zahra [mailto:shadi@w3.org] Sent: Friday, 24 November 2017 1:57 AM To: Scott Hollier <scott@hollier.info>; RQTF <public-rqtf@w3.org> Subject: Re: Action item - web of things literature summary On 23/11/2017 14:11, Scott Hollier wrote: > To Shadi > > I think we're in furious agreement here! Very happy to make sure your paper is referenced. > > First though is anyone able to help me get the work on a wiki? Sure. Where is it supposed to go on the wiki? As new page on the RQTF wiki or as sub-page of the already existing WoT page (on the APA wiki)? - https://www.w3.org/WAI/APA/wiki/Web_of_Things Best, Shadi > Thank you > > Scott. > > > Dr Scott Hollier > Digital Access Specialist > Mobile: +61 (0)430 351 909 > Web: www.hollier.info > > Technology for everyone > > Keep up-to-date with digital access news – follow @scotthollier on Twitter or e-mail newsletter@hollier.info with ‘subscribe’ in the subject line. > > -----Original Message----- > From: Shadi Abou-Zahra [mailto:shadi@w3.org] > Sent: Thursday, 23 November 2017 4:28 PM > To: Scott Hollier <scott@hollier.info>; RQTF <public-rqtf@w3.org> > Subject: Re: Action item - web of things literature summary > > Hi Scott, > > This is a peer-reviewed paper, like your references to your own work. > Seems appropriate to reference it among this literature collection. > > Best, > Shadi > > > On 23/11/2017 00:37, Scott Hollier wrote: >> To Shadi >> >> Thanks for that. My initial thinking was that it may be odd referencing W3C work to a W3C audience as this draft is workshopped by a W3C task force who are already familiar with it, but it’s a good point that if its been published in the literature it should be on the list. Once it's on a wiki somewhere we can make sure it's added in as a reference to the W3C WoT bullet points at the end. >> >> Scott. >> >> >> Dr Scott Hollier >> Digital Access Specialist >> Mobile: +61 (0)430 351 909 >> Web: www.hollier.info >> >> Technology for everyone >> >> Keep up-to-date with digital access news – follow @scotthollier on Twitter or e-mail newsletter@hollier.info with ‘subscribe’ in the subject line. >> >> -----Original Message----- >> From: Shadi Abou-Zahra [mailto:shadi@w3.org] >> Sent: Wednesday, 22 November 2017 9:48 PM >> To: Scott Hollier <scott@hollier.info>; RQTF <public-rqtf@w3.org> >> Subject: Re: Action item - web of things literature summary >> >> Looks good Scott! >> >> No reference to the WoT paper? >> - https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/107831 >> >> Best, >> Shadi >> >> >> On 22/11/2017 10:19, Scott Hollier wrote: >>> To the RQTF >>> >>> Hope TPAC went well! >>> >>> I’ve completed the action item from the last meeting and include a >>> summary of the Web of Things literature review below. Much of the >>> work is based on my Internet of Things report but significantly >>> condensed with a greater focus on research and implications. >>> >>> I haven’t put in any specific recommendations as yet so that others >>> have a chance to contribute literature before they are progressed. >>> If someone is able ot find a home for it on a wiki somewhere it’d be great. >>> Content follows. >>> >>> Scott. >>> >>> Web of Things and access implications >>> >>> >>> 1.Introduction >>> >>> The significance of the Web of Things can be highlighted by its >>> rapid growth. With an estimated 8.4 billion devices connected >>> online by the end of 2017 – up 31 per cent in 2016 and growing to an >>> estimated >>> 20.4 billion devices by 2020 (Gartner, 2017). this document is >>> designed to consider research and implications in relation to its >>> access for people with disability >>> >>> >>> 2.Reasons for Web of Things popularity >>> >>> Connectivity >>> >>> Increased connectivity options such as fixed, wireless and mobile >>> broadband make it easier for us to engage with Web of Things devices >>> anywhere, anytime. Examples include in our homes, cars and even >>> clothing (G3ICT, 2015). >>> >>> Specific environmental information >>> >>> Specific information from our environment can include broad >>> information such as the current weather, specific control over the >>> home such as changing a connected light or specific individualised >>> data collected from a smart hairbrush (Bradshaw & Waters, 2017). >>> >>> Affordability. >>> >>> The low buy-in price of the Web of Things makes it relatively >>> affordable to implement its benefits This includes cheap devices >>> such as the Arduino (Cornel, 2015) and the Raspberry Pi range of >>> devices (Traeg, >>> 2015) which can use sensors and actuators to provide monitoring and >>> adjustment of devices such as adjusting the temperature of a heater. >>> In addition, the ubiquitous presence of smartphones as a >>> consumer-friendly method of interaction provides an affordable >>> method of engagement. The recent uptake of digital assistants also >>> provides affordable mechanisms for Web of Things engagement. >>> >>> Ease of interaction >>> >>> The conversational nature of digital assistants and associated >>> smarttspeakers has evolved to a point where it is possible to >>> provide commands in a similar way to typical human interaction >>> (Mitchell, 2016; Dores, Reis, & Vasco Lopes, 2014). As a result, it >>> is now much easier to engage with devices which in turn can monitor >>> or change our environment in real-time with relative ease. >>> >>> >>> 3.Benefits and Issues >>> >>> The broad benefits of the Web of Things for consumers can be placed >>> into six categories (Borne, 2014)(Hollier, et. al., 2017) as follows: >>> >>> §Tracking behaviour for real-time marketing: the ability to quickly >>> assess and benefit from, the target market. For example, if our >>> connected devices determined it was raining in our current GPS >>> location, advertisements relating to umbrellas and information on >>> the nearest store could be provided so that we could respond to the >>> situation in real-time. >>> >>> §Enhanced situational awareness: the ability to understand and make >>> changes to our real-time environment. For example, features such as >>> updates on traffic based on movement and GPS sensors in cars and >>> smartphones allow us to take a quieter route home from work. >>> >>> §Sensor-driven decision analytics: the ability to use big data to >>> record lots of information at once which can then be analysed. For >>> example, information collected from telescopes analysing space >>> phenomenon (Lenz, Meisen, Pomp, & Jeschke, 2016). >>> >>> §Process optimisation: For example, the use of sensors to monitor >>> the speech rhythm, pitch and tone of a lecturer to determine the >>> optimal requirement for student engagement (Heng, Yi, & Zhong, 2011). >>> >>> §Optimised resource consumption: the ability for an electrical >>> appliance to complete a task based on its ability to determine the >>> optimal point at which the costs are cheapest. For example, a smart >>> washing machine assessing the cost of power and water. >>> >>> §Instantaneous control and response in complex autonomous systems: >>> For example, a series of sensors monitoring different aspects of a >>> patient in a hospital, adjusting medication and treatment in >>> real-time as sensors assess data sent and received from each other (Chiong, 2017). >>> >>> Issues >>> >>> The primary issues include: >>> >>> ·Privacy: with digital assistants always listening for the >>> activation word, such devices can potentially monitor our >>> environment without permission leading to debates between the >>> benefits of such devices and the trade-off required in terms of >>> privacy implications (Bradshaw & Waters, 2017). Developers in >>> privacy protections are recommended to be proactive and preventative >>> rather than reactive and remedial (Weinberg, Milne, Andonova, & Hajjat, 2015). >>> >>> ·Security, generally considered a related issue to privacy (Bian et >>> al., 2016). With smartphones constantly broadcasting our GPS >>> location to a variety of sources – including the operating system >>> manufacturers, telecommunications providers and others depending on >>> smartphone permissions – there is significant concern about who has >>> access to this data and how it is being used (Lin & Bergmann, 2016). >>> Furthermore, most digital assistant interactions are not restricted >>> to personal use meaning that potentially anyone could interact with >>> them for malicious purposes such as adjusting the temperature of a >>> refrigerator to damage its contents. Furthermore, it is unlikely >>> that most consumers would have the technical knowledge to ensure their environment is secure. >>> (Skarzauskiene & Kalinauskas, 2012; Weber, 2010). >>> >>> ·Interoperability: most current solutions are ecosystem-specific >>> meaning that typical Web of Things components are limited as to what >>> device they can connect. This places unnecessary restrictions on >>> manufacturers which affects the ease in which solutions can be >>> implemented, raises costs due to manufacturers having to make >>> multiple versions of the same product for different digital >>> ecosystems, and reduces consumer choice (Zhao & Qi, 2014; Lin & Bergmann, 2016). >>> >>> >>> 4.Disability-related implications >>> >>> >>> 4.1.Consumer engagement >>> >>> There are two main benefits to the web of things for people with >>> disabilities: its use as an assistive technology and the power of >>> connectivity (Hollier et. Al., 2017). While the use of the term >>> ‘assistive technology’ is generally used to describe specific >>> hardware and software that provides access to information and >>> communications technologies for people with disabilities, the fact >>> that such technologies have the capacity to provide assistance based >>> on human limitations suggests that Web of Things is, in principle, a >>> form of AT in itself (Hennig, 2016). >>> >>> The literature points to the importance of connectivity through the >>> use of connected sensor and devices in a number of different >>> scenarios that can support people with disabilities. >>> >>> [NOTE: the remainder of this document is an exert from them >>> Hollier, et. Al (2017) report and is used with permission] >>> >>> The connectivity of sensors and actuators to provide >>> disability-specific monitoring – this can lead to significant >>> improvements to the health and well-being of people with disabilities. >>> An example of this is highlighted in a project created by AT&T and >>> Premorbid in which a wirelessly connected wheelchair has the ability >>> to increase user independence and freedom – the concept uses Web of >>> Things to easily monitor the wheelchair for comfort, performance, >>> maintenance requirements and location, with adjustments made in real-time (AT&T, 2015). >>> >>> A second example is the ability to assist people with disabilities >>> in the achievement of everyday tasks independently such as going shopping. >>> One example focuses on a system used to help a group of vision >>> impaired people to find their way in a store. The store’s RFID >>> system used software to guide the vision impaired people and assist >>> them with scanning products to determine the relevant item (Domingo, 2011). >>> Another retail example is a pilot system developed to assist >>> wheelchair users to interact with shopping items placed beyond their >>> arm’s length – with the help of augmented reality, Web of Things and >>> RFID technologies, this allowed the user to digitally interact with >>> the physical items on the shelf (Rashid et al., 2016). >>> >>> However, the primary focus of research in this area relates >>> toe-health, particularly in relation to monitoring the health of the >>> ageing population (G3ICT, 2015)and outpatient medical needs. The >>> focus in this regard is on providing proactive support to people >>> with medical conditions and potentially extending both their quality >>> and length of life (Dores et al., 2014). >>> >>> Examples of e-health include the ability to provide real-time >>> monitoring of the health of seniors in aged care facilities based on >>> an intelligent monitoring system. This includes the use of sensors >>> and actuators to monitor temperature, and assess vital signs such as >>> heart rate and movement. While care givers are able to respond >>> immediately to any adverse change in conditions, seniors also have >>> the ability to get attention if they are in distress (Huang, 2013). >>> >>> Another example has been applied to tracking patients in >>> e-health/telehealth applications to monitor patients once they are >>> discharged (Chiong, 2017). A point of particular interest is that >>> while the monitoring system is similar to the aged care example, the >>> implementation of the model infers that medical staff are able to >>> provide improved individual support to outpatients based on Web of >>> Things feedback such as distance travelled, temperatures in their >>> location, and food intake. As such, the non-intrusive sensors are >>> able to assess if outpatients are following the prescribed treatment >>> and, in addition, identify key factors that may have an impact on >>> their health based on lifestyle patterns. >>> >>> In all these examples, the use of Web of Things data is used in a >>> largely passive way, either without the individual’s specific >>> awareness in the case of e-health or collated to assist in user >>> choice such as the shopping example. However, the broader benefit of >>> Web of Things for people with disabilities comes in the ability to >>> assess data based on their own needs in their own way and, in this >>> regard, it is necessary to review the applicability of the Web of >>> Things user interface as it relates to people with disabilities in the consumer space. >>> >>> >>> 4.2.Consumer-based Internet of Things and accessibility >>> >>> There are essentially three types of user interface common to >>> consumer-based Web of Things products – a built-in interface, or >>> interaction via a mobile device such as a smartphone or a standalone >>> device such as a digital assistant smart speaker. The ability for >>> people with disabilities to interact with Web of Things, and >>> technology in general, depends largely on two factors – the >>> accessibility of the interface and the use of accessible content to work with on this interface. >>> >>> To make an interface accessible, disability-specific AT generally >>> needs to be built into the product. >>> >>> With regards to devices that have built-in interfaces such as smart >>> refrigerators, there are currently few that have any such AT >>> features built-in, nor are there mechanisms to add features due to >>> the proprietary nature of the interface. Furthermore, even if >>> devices such as a smart refrigerator were to have an AT such as a >>> screen reader to support people who are blind, it is unlikely that, >>> due to the proprietary operating system of the device, the tool would be familiar. >>> This would therefore mean that it would require the user to learn >>> yet another way to control and interact with the device. >>> >>> However, there is an initiative that may provide an access solution >>> – the Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII) created by >>> Raising the Floor (2017). In a Web of Things context, GPII could >>> provide support in that a compatible device with a built-in >>> interface, such as a smart refrigerator, could potentially change >>> its interface based on the user’s profile. For example, the >>> interface could be set up with high contrast and large print for a >>> low vision user, or the touchscreen buttons could be lowered for a person in a wheelchair. >>> However, the concept of GPII remains elusive at this point in time. >>> As previously discussed, privacy and security concerns are also >>> present – people with disabilities would need to share information >>> about their disability-specific needs with unknown third parties, >>> and this raises concerns. In addition, the large-scale network >>> required to support the sheer volume of devices is not currently available (Hollier, 2013). >>> >>> The use of smartphones and other mobile devices as an alternative >>> user interface for Web of Things is therefore currently the most >>> popular, and the most accessible, option available for this purpose >>> (Apple, 2016; Google, 2016; Hollier, 2016). This is due to the two >>> most popular mobile and tablet operating systems, Apple iOS and >>> Google Android, containing a wealth of accessibility features. As >>> such, interaction between a smartphone and Web of Things device can >>> be achieved via an app or a digital assistant in an accessible manner. >>> Furthermore, there are a number of disability-specific benefits in >>> the use of a smartphone to gather information and interact in real-time. >>> For example, the use of parking sensors in a shopping centre can >>> provide useful information to a smartphone app so that a person that >>> needs a disabled parking bay can quickly identify which ones are >>> available and which one is closest to the shop being visited (Lambrinos & Dosis, 2013). >>> >>> Another important benefit is affordability. While the affordability >>> of the Web of Things is helpful for everyone, it is of particular >>> benefit to people with disabilities due to the generally high costs >>> associated with disability-specific technology solutions. The Web of >>> things can offer more affordable solutions such as the >>> implementation of home automation. >>> >>> However, while smartphones and apps are an effective way to engage >>> with Web of Things, much of their success depends on the need to >>> ensure that the content within the apps is accessible. To achieve >>> this, the apps need to be created in compliance with web standards. >>> >>> >>> 4.3. >>> >>> >>> 4.4.Current W3C WAI work >>> >>> Current W3C Wai work highlights the following issues of importance >>> in addressing potential accessibility issues: >>> >>> §Interoperability: for example, a connected television can be >>> controlled by a smartphone with a screen reader. >>> >>> §Accessibility support: for example, a connected projector provides >>> access to the presentation data in addition to the video output. >>> >>> §Configuration: for example, a profile with preferences, such as >>> large text, could be sent from one device to another. >>> >>> §Privacy: for example, a connected refrigerator suggests shopping >>> lists but does not share specific dietary and health needs. >>> >>> §Security and safety: for example, a connected pacemaker is safe >>> from manipulation and failure. >>> >>> >>> ** >>> >>> >>> 5.References >>> >>> AT&T. (2015). AT&T and Permobil unveil the connected wheelchair >>> proof of concept at CTIA. /AT&T Newsroom/. Retrieved from >>> http://about.att.com/story/att_permobil_unveils_connected_wheelchair. >>> h >>> tml >>> >>> Apple. (2016). iOS accessibility. >>> >>> Bian, J., Yoshigoe, K., Hicks, A., Yuan, J., He, Z., Xie, M., Guo, >>> Y., Prosperi, M., Salloum, R., & Modave, F. (2016) Mining Twitter to >>> assess the public perception of the “Internet of Things”. /PLoS ONE >>> 11/(7), e0158450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158450 >>> >>> Bradshaw, T., & Waters, R. (2017). The dash to connect the consumer. >>> /Financial Times./ >>> https://www.ft.com/content/67a08388-d3f8-11e6-9341-7393bb2e1b51?mhq5 >>> j >>> = >>> e5 >>> >>> Cornel, C. E. (2015). The role of Internet of Things for a >>> continuous improvement in education. /Hyperion Economic Journal, 3/(2), 24-31. >>> >>> Domingo, M. C. (2011). An overview of the Internet of Things for >>> people with disabilities. /Journal of Network and Computer Applications/. >>> /35/(2), 584-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2011.10.015 >>> >>> Dores, C., Reis, L., & Vasco Lopes, N., (2014). Internet of things >>> and cloud computing. 9th Iberian Conference on Information Systems >>> and Technologies (CISTI), 18-21 June, 2014. >>> http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6877071/?reload=true >>> >>> G3ICT. (2015). /Internet of Things: New Promises for Persons with >>> Disabilities/. Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and >>> Communications Technology. >>> http://g3ict.org/resource_center/publications_and_reports/p/productC >>> a >>> t >>> egory_books/subCat_2/id_335 >>> >>> >>> Gartner. (2017). Gartner says 8.4 billion connected “things” will be >>> in use in 2017, up 31 percent from 2016. Retrieved from >>> http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3598917 >>> >>> Google. (2016). Android accessibility – Overview. Retrieved from >>> https://support.google.com/accessibility/android/answer/6006564?hl=e >>> n >>> >>> Heng, Z., Yi, C. D., & Zhong, L. J. (2011). Study of classroom >>> teaching aids system based on wearable computing and centralized >>> sensor network technique. /2011 International Conference on Internet >>> of Things and 4th International Conference on Cyber, Physical and >>> Social Computing/, Dalian, 624-628. >>> >>> Hennig, N. (2016). Natural user interfaces and accessibility. >>> /Library Technology Reports, 52/(3), 5-17. >>> https://journals.ala.org/index.php/ltr/article/view/5969/7598 >>> >>> Hollier, S. (2013). The accessibility of cloud computing – current >>> and future trends. /Media Access Australia/. >>> https://mediaaccess.org.au/audio-description-on-radio/current-and-fu >>> t u re-trends-of-cloud-computing-accessibility >>> >>> Hollier, S. (2016). Affordable access. Retrieved from >>> http://www.affordableaccess.com.au >>> >>> Hollier, S., et. al (2017), Internet of Things (IoT) >>> Education:Implications for Students with Disabilities. Curtin University. >>> >>> Huang, J. (2013). Research on application of Internet of Things in >>> nursing home. /Applied Mechanics and Materials, 303-306, /2153. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.303-306.2153 >>> >>> Lenz, L., Meisen, T., Pomp, A., & Jeschke, S. (2016). How will the >>> Internet of Things and big data analytics impact the education of >>> learning-disabled students? A Concept Paper. 3rd MEC International >>> Conference on Big Data and Smart City (ICBDSC) 15-16 March. >>> >>> Lin, H., & Bergmann, N. (2016). Web of Things privacy and security >>> challenges for smart Home environments. /Information, 7/(3), 44. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info7030044 >>> >>> LogMeIn. (2013). Xively brings the Internet of Things to the classroom. >>> Press Release. >>> https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/08/21/568300/10045697/en >>> / X ively-Brings-the-Internet-of-Things-to-the-Classroom.html >>> >>> Mitchell, N. (2016). The 2016 state of the speech technology industry. >>> /Speech Technology, 21/(1), 29-41. >>> >>> Raising the Floor. (2017). Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure >>> (GPII). Retrieved from http://gpii.net >>> >>> Rashid, Z., Melià-Seguí, J., Pous, R., & Peig, E. (2016). Using >>> augmented reality and Internet of Things to improve accessibility of >>> people with motor disabilities in the context of smart cities. >>> /Future Generation Computer Systems/. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.11.030 >>> >>> Roby, J. (2016). Intelligent new products in home automation. /Air >>> Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News, 257/(12), 12-16. >>> >>> Skarzauskiene, A., & Kalinauskas, M. (2012). The future potential of >>> Internet of Things. /Socialinės technologijos: mokslo darbai/, >>> /1/(2), 102-113. >>> http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/st/archyvas/dwn.php?id=326522 >>> >>> Traeg, P. (2015). Web of Things projects: Raspberry Pi vs Arduino. >>> Retrieved from >>> https://www.universalmind.com/blog/raspberry-pi-vs-arduino-when-to-u >>> s >>> e >>> -which/ >>> >>> Weber, R. H. (2010). Internet of Things – New security and privacy >>> challenges. /Computer Law and Security Review: The International >>> Journal of Technology and Practice, 26/(1), 23-30. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2009.11.008 >>> >>> Weinberg, B. D., Milne, G. R., Andonova, Y. G., & Hajjat, F. M. (2015). >>> Internet of Things: Convenience vs. privacy and secrecy. /Business >>> Horizons, 58/(6), 615-624. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.06.005 >>> >>> Zhao, G., & Qi, B. (2014). Application of the WEB OF THINGS >>> technology in the intelligent management of university multimedia classrooms. >>> /Applied Mechanics and Materials, 513-517, /2050-2053. >>> http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.513-517.2050 >>> >> > > -- > Shadi Abou-Zahra - http://www.w3.org/People/shadi/ Accessibility > Strategy and Technology Specialist Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) > World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) > -- Shadi Abou-Zahra - http://www.w3.org/People/shadi/ Accessibility Strategy and Technology Specialist Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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