# KEHOME/knowledge/TheoryEpistemology/is.txt
# 1999/4/28
# new syntax Sep/29/2002

#=====================#
# the meaning of "is" #
#=====================#
# Reference:
# Webster's II New Riverside Dictionary,
# The Riverside Publishing Company, 1984.
# (listed under "be")

#=======#
# sense #
#=======#
1. to exist in actuality : have reality or life
2. to occupy a given position
3. to take place : OCCUR
4. to go -- used chiefly in the past and perfect tenses
5. (Archaic) to belong : befall
6. used as a copula linking a subject and a predicate
   nominative, adjective, or pronoun, in senses such as
   6a. to equal in meaning or identity
   6b. to symbolize : signify
   6c. to belong to a given class or group
   6d. to have or exhibit a given quality or characteristic

#=========#
# example #
#=========#
1. I think, therefore I am.
2. The paper is on the desk.
3. ?
4. Have you ever been to France?
5. ?
6a. To be a Christian was to be a Roman.
6b. A is excellent, B is good.
6c. The human being is a primate.
6d. The coat is beautiful.  All of us are human.

#==============================#
# KR translation of "is" sense #
#==============================#
1.   isa existent
2.   isa existent  # at location
3.   ?
4.   do go
5.   ?
6a1. is*           # meaning: see NOTE 6a below
6a2. is            # identity
6b.  means
6c1. iss*          # species
6c2. isu*          # unit
6d.  has           # attribute

#===========================#
# KR translation of example #
#===========================#
1. I do think done implies I isa existent
2. at space=on the desk { paper isa existent }
3. ?
4. at time=past { you do go to France ? }
5. ?
6a1. Christian is* Roman  # see NOTE 6a below
6a2. at time=past { Christian is Roman }
	but I think the actual meaning is
	at time=past { Christian iss* Roman }
6b. A means excellent; B means good
6c1. human being iss primate      # species
6c2. the human being isu primate  # unit
6d. the coat has beautiful; all we has human

NOTE 6a:
"x is y" means that x and y are in the same concept hierarchy
(view), and that x and y are different names for the same
concept.  On the other hand, "x is* y" means that x and y
are in different hierarchies, and that the x subhierarchy
and the y subhierarchy are different views of the same
units (the bottom of the concept subhierarchy).

"is*" is not implemented in the current version of KR.